Franklin D. Roosevelt: Creative Leadership in a Lifetime of Public Service

Franklin D. Roosevelt Creative leadership in a Lifetime of Public Service Leading the coupled carrys of America through an economic crisis and a world war, Franklin Delano Roosevelt demonstrated the traits of a creative leader not only in his policy-making, but in any event in the look he carried his figure. From State Senator of juvenile York to 32nd prexy of the unify States, Roosevelt epitomised resourcefulness in his steady ascent of the political ladder, culminating with winning charge of the untaught during virtuoso of the toughest times it had ever experienced.Over the course of his leadership, Roosevelt surely gained if not already possessed the domain knowledge required to riposte creativity in his field of politics. In fact, he was primed for a career in public service flush since his early affirmation Roosevelt first entered the face of American politics in the State option of 1910, running for the spick-and-span York State Senate. In his second term, he served as chairman of the Agriculture Committee, passing effective farm and labour bills.This winner was to some extent a precursor of his New Deal policies (to be discussed in greater detail later), which disrespect imperfections were reflective of creative leadership in the aspect of Dr Ronald Heifetzs adaptive work. Following this, in 1913, Roosevelt was appointed auxiliary Secretary of the Navy a role from which he gained experience that would prove relevant in his later years as Commander-in-Chief during World War II. Although traditionally the prerogative of the Secretary sooner than the assistant Secretary, he worked on the gen terml development of U.S. naval policy, and his advocacy for a big navy earned him stomach from Navy personnel. As State Senator, Roosevelt openly opposed the Tammany Hall political machine as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, he opposed Frederick Taylors stopwatch system towards industrial efficiency. In both positions, his stand inevitably fa voured certain stakeholders and incensed others. Although this meant losing support from some bulk, it represented creating the disequilibrium that Heifetz describes as necessary for mobilising adaptive work.Roosevelt was and then up to(p) to effectively orchestrate participation and create dis assign in order to achieve greater overall progress. Roosevelt was a leader who avoided letting his individual(prenominal) life affect his political career. In the summer of 1921, he assure poliomyelitis, which resulted in permanent paralysis from the waist down. However, Roosevelt was adamant virtually preserving his image of health to the people, which he believed was necessary to run for public office again.He make sure that the press presented him in a manner which did not high spot his disability, and refrained from being seen in his wheelchair in public. In doing this, he protected his perspective as a leader in the eyes of the people, rather than allowing his affection to und ermine his ability to serve in public office. Roosevelt went further to set the March of Dimes, a non-profit organisation seeking to combat polio. He was hence able to turn an adversity on its head and generate heretofore greater public support from it instead.In the 1920s, Roosevelt mended fences with the Democratic Party, and moderated his stance against the Tammany Hall machine. He went on to be elected as Governor of New York in 1928, and re-elected for a second term in 1930. While in that position, he instated several social programmes much(prenominal) as the New York State need Relief Commission. In line with the importance of working with partners that Heifetz emphasises in his book, leaders With push through Easy Answers, Roosevelt worked closely with Frances Perkins and Harry Hopkins, particularly in the aspect of resolution Americas economic problems during the period.Roosevelt also made the key statement that progressive government by its very terms, must be a living and growing thing, presenting governance as a abstract space that could be explored and transformed, and once again relating to Heifetzs adaptive contest. When Roosevelt was elected President in 1932, the United States was struggling under the peachy Depression, which began even while he was Governor and involved a assembly line market crash and soaring unemployment. It was on this backdrop that Roosevelt introduced the New Deal, a series of economic programmes to tackle the problems during this difficult period.Within his First 100 geezerhood, he passed various programmes through Congress, setting up the Civilian conservation Corps, the Tennessee Valley Authority, and the Emergency Banking Act among many others. Roosevelt made his mark on the history of American politics in this record number of bills passed during the initial months of his Presidency since then, U. S. Presidents feature been judged by what they achieve in their first coke days. Roosevelt entered the Presi dency with immense political capital due to the urgency of the thriftinesss state, and effectively capitalised on this to implement creative policies.In the Second New Deal (1935-1936), he went on to propose bolder and even more initiatives, such as the Works Progress Administration and the Social Security Act. The latter, in fact, set the foundation for the framework of the U. S. welfare system which exists till today. Roosevelt was unforced to take risks he implemented policies which involved significant government interference at the expense of a budget deficit, even though he knew this would be unpopular. He was aware that leadership was not merely about appeasing the people, but required tough measures in response to the role at times.Although his New Deal policies met criticism as being a haphazard collection of schemes, Roosevelt himself insisted that they were the orderly component parts of a connected and logical whole. Either way, we must recognise that the economic h umor at that time was extremely volatile, and in reacting spontaneously to unfolding events rather than strictly adhering to a set plan, Roosevelt was doing exactly what Heifetz describes of creative leaders speech adaptive work to the people, and mobilising it towards solutions. Roosevelt also found a novel way of addressing the people through a series of radio talks called domicil chats.Through these, he introduced and explained the policies to the people as they were being implemented. He knew that transparency was important, and even as he passed acts which allowed greater state intervention in the countrys social and economic affairs, he made clear to the people what he was intending to achieve with these initiatives. His policies were met with mixed reviews, but ultimately, about agree that this era was an important milestone in the progress of the U. S. political and economic systems. In 1940, Roosevelt became the first President to run for a third term, going against the spontaneous rule of a two-term tradition.By this time, World War II had broken out. Roosevelt, as President, gave covert support to Britain and France in the form of arms provision despite officially stating neutrality. Eventually, while still remaining detached from actual force participation, he passed the Lend-Lease Act, essentially providing supplies to the other Allied nations at war. This was an mod measure on Roosevelts part to support the Allied Powers against the axis of rotation Powers without putting his own country in direct harm. Unfortunately, such a position can only remain temporarily, as the U. S. was clearly demonstrating its alliance.Unsurprisingly, the Nipponese attacked Pearl Harbour on December 7, 1941, drawing the U. S. inescapably into the war. non having fully recovered from its economic woes, being forced into combat was a heavy blow to the U. S.. Even in the throes of war, however, Roosevelt was successful in externalising the conflict, focusing on th e Axis Powers as the enemy and keeping himself out of a position of blame. The situation also drove Roosevelt to establish the United Nations originally the 26 countries opposing the Tripartite Pact represented by the Declaration by United Nations.Although not entirely a case of historical creativity, the coalition of governments across this self-aggrandising a number of nations was surely a visionary initiative by Roosevelt. The UN has since grown into one of the most prominent international organisations. Roosevelt was definitely a man who saw heading in his public service. Just before his death in 1945, he entered an unprecedented fourth term as President. His commitment was reflected in his constant political presence and effort to evoke positive tilt in systems, even in times when support for him was low.Roosevelt incorporated wit when he was addressing the people, and maintained his dignity till the very end. Although it is impossible for all of his policies to have succ eeded, especially considering the sheer multitude of new programmes and magnitude of fundamental change instigated during his time, Roosevelt did display fluency and flexibility in that he generated a large number policies in a wide range of categories as swell up as originality and the capacity for elaboration in his intricate plans. As one of the most influential figures in American history, Franklin D.Roosevelt definitely embodied the load of a creative leader. 1 . Groton School. Theodore Roosevelt Center. Web. 27 family unit 2012. . 2 . Burns, jam MacGregor. Roosevelt. Vol 1. New York Easton Press, 1956. Print. 3 . American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt Life Before the Presidency. miller Center. Web. 27 Sept 2012. . 4 . LaCerra, Charles. Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Tammany Hall of New York. Lanham, MD University of America, 1997. Print. 5 . Heifetz, Ronald. Leadership Without Easy Answers.Cambridge, Mass Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1994. 6 . Chen, Deborah. The Embodiment of an disorder Franklin Roosevelts Public Representation of Polio. Deliberations. (2001) Web. 26 Sep 2012. . 7 . Rose, David. A account statement of the March of Dimes. March of Dimes. 26 Aug. 2010. Web. 27 Sept 2012. . 8 . Pederson , William. A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. Web. 9 . Theinl, Kevin. Americas Great Depression and Franklin D. Roosevelts attempt to reorganize the market with his New Deal. GRIN Verlag, 2011.Web. 10 . Boden, Margaret A. What Is Creativity. Dimensions of Creativity. Cambridge, MA MIT, 1996. Print. 11 . The First Hundred Days. US Government Info. Web. 27 Sept 2012. . 12 . The New Deal. 123HelpMe. com. 27 Sep 2012. . 13 . Burns, James MacGregor. Roosevelt. Vol 1. New York Easton Press, 1956. Print. 14 . Heifetz, Ronald. Leadership Without Easy Answers. Cambridge, Mass Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1994. 15 . Boden, Margaret A. What Is Creativity. Dimensions of Creativi ty. Cambridge, MA MIT, 1996. Print.

Auditory System

The world contains all kinds of energy that translates into information about what we see, hear, smell, name and taste. A sensory establishment is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing specific sensory information. The components of a sensory system include sensory receptors, neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception. To begin, energy from the environment stimulates the receptor cells in whichever sense pipe organ is being used. If this information were audile, the ear would convert sound waves in the piece of cake into electrical impulses that would further be interpreted by the brain as sound.A sound wave first enters the pinna, the fleshy part of the ear on the outside of the body. It and so travels through the external auditory canal where it then meets the eardrum, a thin membrane in the outer ear. The eardrum then vibrates in response to the sound wave. What we hear will depend on the wavelength and absolute frequency of th e wave. The eardrum is connected to a group of triple low-toned bones call the ossicles in the middle ear. This group includes the malleus, incus and the stirrup iron. These three bones, the smallest in the human body, protect the eardrum from more intense sounds and also deliver the vibrations to the base of the stapes.The stapes then sends the vibrations into the interior ear and interacts with the speech rhythm window. The lag window, a small membrane that allows liquid inside the interior ear to be displaced and receive the vibration. The vibration travels through the spiral construction of the inner ear called the cochlea and ends at the round window. Inside the cochlea there are three canals the scala vestibuli, the scala media and the scala tympani. The scala vestibule leads up to the apex of the cochlea, the scala tympani leads down to the round window and the scala media sits in between the other two canals.All of these canals are fill with fluid and are separate d by two different membranes Reissners membrane and the Basilar membrane. Both of these membranes are flexible and respond to the vibrations change of location through the scala vestibuli. The movements of the membranes then send the vibrations down the scala tympani. A structure called the electric organ of Corti, which is situated on the basilar membrane, becomes stimulated as the membrane vibrates and sends punk impulses to the brain. Within the Organ of Corti are a group of specialized cells called tomentum cerebri cells, which are covered by the tectorial membrane.As the basilar membrane vibrates, the hair cells are bents and push up against the tectorial membrane. This causes the hair cells to fire and send gist impulses to the auditory cortex on each of the brains hemispheres through the cochlear nerve. How we determine switch can be explained with two different theories. The Place Theory states that the inbuilt basilar membrane does not vibrate at once so different pa rts of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies of sound. move frequency sounds vibrate the basilar membrane near the apex of the cochlea turn higher frequency sounds produce vibrations closer to the base.The Frequency Theory states that the frequency of firing matches the frequency of the sound wave. Hearing loss can supervene for a number of reasons. Damage to the eardrum due to age and elongated exposure to loud noise may cause the hairs or nerve cells in the cochlea to wear out and become less effective. A buildup of earwax can block the ear canal and prevent of sound waves from submission the eardrum. Otosclerosis, a genetic form of hearing loss in which the stapes is fixed in place so sound cannot enter the inner ear.

Leadership Styles and Their Effect on CEOs Essay

AbstractThe purpose of this essay is to analyze, compare, and contrast the leaders styles of two influential chief operating officers. I have collected information from m any internet sources that elaborate on the life, achievements, and misfortunes of Jack Welch and Steve Jobs, and how they overcame their obstacles to become the best CEOs of completely time.Leadership Styles and Their Effect on CEOsLeadership is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive. Jack Welch and Steve Jobs exemplify the true meaning of what a leader is. Their personality traits of macrocosm conscientious open to experiences, extroversion, persistent, and passionate has take them to be the more or less phenomenal visionary leaders of their time. Jack Welch was the moderate and CEO of General Electric between 1981 and 2001. During his duration at GE, he managed to introduce a fresh and innovative leading styl e. Welch developed a ranking system that put employees in matchless of three categories.The eyeshade 20 percent were stars, the middle 70 percent were the crucial majority, and the do-nothing 10 percent were weeded out (Bloomberg, 1998). I admire and strongly nurse with Welchs management approach of making employees accountable. If you are leased to perform a job, then expecting results of a certain quality is justified. In addition, I believe that Welchs passion for productivity and results allowed him to achieve rough-and-ready performance management within his company.Results create success, and I believe most people tend not to raise their standards high enough if in that respect are not serious repercussions that follow, such as organism dismissed for not providing results. Welch most notable achievement was increasing the market range of the General Electric firm. As CEO he increased it from virtually $12 billion when he took over, to a colossal $505 at the time of hi s retirement (Management, 2012). He managed to make GE the worlds wink largest company with a market capitalization that was only exceeded by Microsoft. through hard work and perseverance Welch managed to attain legendary status of being one of the greatest CEOs of all time.Leadership Styles and Their Effect on CEOsSteve Jobs was an entrepreneur, co-fonether, chairman, and CEO of Apple Inc. As the CEO of the company, Jobs covered the development of the iMac, iPod, iPhone, and iPad, and on the service side the companys Apple Retail Stores, iTunes store, and the App store. The success of these products under Jobs provided stable years of financial return, and propelled Apple to become the worlds most valuable publically traded company. The reinvigoration of the company is regarded by commentators as one of the greatest turnarounds in business history (Gallo, 2011). Jobs was a one-in-a-billion innovator with a bulldog mentality.He created a vision and relentlessly drove it into compl etion. Jobs was a demanding perfectionist who always aspired to position his business and products at the forefront of the technology perseverance by understanding and setting trends with innovation and style. His reputation was built on being a brutal force and often destroyed rung for their bozo ideas and typically shrugged off his associates suggestions in favor of his own wild sweet pea instinct. Moreover, he only wanted what he called A-players. Meaning that they had to be superb and he insisted that under the threat of being fired, that they would never reveal any of Apples secrets inside or outside of the organization (Juarez, 2011).In summary, both Welch and Jobs are extraordinary leaders who demonstrate charismatic and transformational leadership styles. They both have very similar qualities in wanting to get under ones skin results. However, they differ because Welchs management style was cut throat in the sense of firing employees who did not perform. Yet, he was sti ll open to the ideas of managers and employees, and charge them. On the other hand, Jobs leadership style is regarded as unconventional and being a dictator, who only listens to his own intuition.ReferencesBloomberg, L,P. (6/28/2012). How Jack Welch Runs GE. Business Week. Retrieved November 20, 2012, from http//www.businessweek.com/1998/23/b3581001.htm Gallo, F. (3/17/2012). What Kind of Leader Was Steve Jobs? Calypso Consulting. Retrieved November 20, 2012, from http//www.chinacalypso.com/content/what-kind-leader-was-steve-jobs Juarez, A. (10/5/2011). A Different Kind of Leader. Studying Systems for a Humane and Sustainable World. Retrieved November 20, 2012, from http//saybrook.typepad.com/ complexity/2011/10/a-different-kind-of-leader-steve-jobs-1955-2011.html Management Strategies From A Top CEO. (4/16/2010). Retrieved November 20, 2012, from http//www.investopedia.com/articles/financial-theory/10/manage-business-like-jack-welch.aspaxzz2CpmsLsRK

Case Study Problems Perrier Essay

1. Identify the key elements of the resistance to permute expound in this point.To identify the key elements of the resistanceto interpolate described in this situation, whiz may make use of the six Change Approaches of Kotter and Schlesinger.1The model prevents, minimizes or descreases resistance to wobble in organizations. According to Kotter and Schlesinger (1979), there be quaternary reasons that why people resist castrate, three of which are applicable to this referenceThe Parochial self-interest occurs when people are concerned with the impact of the modify on themselves and how it may affect their own interests, rather than considering the effects for the victory of the business. The union suggests this of Nestles. Jean-Paul Franc, head of the CGT at Perrier, sees the situation differently. In regard to the follows plan to cut 15 percent of its work line he protests Nestle slewt do whatever it likes He says, in that respect are men and women who work here Morall y speaking the urine and the gas stored below this ground belong to the whole region. 2Misunderstanding which evolves by dint of communication problems or inadequate knowledge. Management of a club could not harbour to a decision, perhaps due to a lack of information of the real problem. Relating to this case it is not very clear what is ca using the disappoint production at this plant. According to Nestle chief executive officer Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, We catch come to the point where the development of the Perrier brand is endangered by the stubbornness of the CGT. Where else according to Jean-Paul Franc, head of the CGT at Perrier as mentioned before, In regard to the companys plan to cut 15 percent of its workforce he protests, Nestle cant do whatever it likes.? He says, there are men and women who work here Morally speaking the wet and the gas stored below this ground belong to the whole region.3Different assessments of the situation occurs when employees disagrees o n the reasons why the company has to change and on the advantages and disadvantages of the process of change. This applies to the in a higher place differences in assessment of the problem and solution by the Nestlers CEO and the union head.2. Construct a change management strategy for dealings with this situation. In so doing, identify what approach (es) to managing resistance you recommend and show a clear justification for your choice.Kotter and Schlesinger set out six change approaches to deal with resistance to change. In the following we make use of tetrad of the approaches 41. Education and Communication There is a lack of information or inaccurate information and analysis. Instead of discussing directly with the employees, that sales were dropping, the manager apply a form of manipulation in form of placing the competitions bottles water e.g. Badoit Rouge in the factory cafeteria, which further antagonized workers. This action was contradictory to the intended motivati on. One of the best ways to overcome resistance to change is to educate people about the change effort before change occurs. Up-front communication helps employees to see the change effort. This reduces incorrect rumors concerning the effects of change in the organization.2. Participation and Involvement This approach is useful when that the initiators do not dumbfound all the information they need to design the change and where others have bulky power to resist. This is the case at Perrier, where an identification of the real problem is essential. When using this approach it allows including the employees in the problem definition as well as potential solutions. It encourages open communication. The union and Nestles need to set the same goals. When employees are involved in the change effort, they are more likely agree with the change rather than resist. This approach is likely to lower resistance and those who alone acquiesce to change.3. Negotiation and Agreement Someone or s ome convention may lose out in a change and where that individual(a) or group has considerable power to resist. This would be effective in dealing with the union at Perrier. This can be done by allowing change resistors to veto elements of change that are threatening. Another way is that change resistors can be offered incentives to leave the company through early buyouts or retirements in order to avoid having to experience the change effort. This approach is eliminate where those resisting change are in a position of power, like the CGT.4. transparent and Implicit Coercion This is a last resort approach where velocity in change is essential. Managers can explicitly or implicitly force employees into accepting change by making clear that resisting changing can lead to losing jobs, firing, transferring or not promoting employees. Working together with CGT, Nestles can treat a projected percentage of increased production or other than the suggested number of layoffs (15%) will b e required.

Spite Analytical Summarry

Taylor Wiemken Instructor Spaulding side 110. 02 January 17, 2010 Emotional Logic The family in the try out scoreend, by Anne Trumbore, fights through the stroke of having a cause with multiple sclerosis. As the reader starts to delve into the meanings arse the actors line, it shows there is more of a mental quarrel going on between the family members. Spite expresses the battle between the arranged and emotional aspects of the humankind that begin to coincide with each other as conflicts and complex situations arise.The repetition of logical ideas and conversations throughout Spite shows the importance Anne Trumbore places on having a logical perspective during adverse situations. Anne says, The facts are indisputable. (1). The word facts and Three ribs, weakened by twelve years of steroids, snapped on impact. (1) emphasizes the exact recounting of the milliampereent her mom fell in the shower. It helps represent that even in a grand situation, Anne places the logic of t he negativity she receives from her dumbfound over the emotional reply of rescuing her from the scalding water. She recounts how her set about would call her a fat ass.Instead of an emotional response of displeasure such as crying, she takes time to analyze her body characteristics and concludes that her ass is fat compared to the light of her body. Anne sympathizes that the facts simply state that portion her would be counterproductive to exceeding the expectations of the class by solving the equation. The constant changing between the equation and her mother screaming brings up the question of whether logic is stronger than the emotional appeal to help. The delight of solving the equation involves a greater sense of accomplishment than helping her naked, screaming mother out of the shower.Contemplating Annes actions shows how the mind can reason an emotional situation into a logical equation of finding the superlative benefit. The logic placed throughout the essay, Spit e, infers that Annes emphasis on facts, as developed throughout her childhood, is important to her understanding of real action situations. The use of emotional feelings and actions between the mother and daughter in Spite constructs the difference between their conflicting reactions. The instant reaction of screaming by the mother as she fell in the scalding water is what most lot under duress would do.The expected response of Anne would be to help her mother in need, alone her unordinary perception of not caring and brushing off the instance seems to paint her as a cold, selfish person. The shaving of Annes head also evokes emotions of Anne being so inadequate that her mother doesnt seem to care about her appearance. Her mothers emotional response of Shes not a boy. Its a pixie cut. (3) seems to oppose her action of shaving Annes head. Annes mothers words are defending her daughters female identity but her actions of shaving Annes head are considered masculine.Anne develops th e story for the reader by explaining situations that would seem unordinary and then recounting past events that have changed her emotional capacity to not feel sorry for her mother. The essay, Spite, develops the mothers emotions of fighting multiple sclerosis with the logical ideas of Annes decision-making during difficult circumstances. The use of Annes mothers emotional responses with the logical decisions Anne contemplates in her head, helps the reader see the inner battle between the two, and how they relate to Annes decision-making as the essay progresses.

Brick and Mortar Business to an E-Business Essay

Company Background Sam Walton, who was convinced that the Ameri bottomland consumers cute something more than than retail divulges, opened his own discount and retail shop in Rogers, Arkansas. Walton realized he could do better by outlet on the savings to his customers and earning his profits through volume. This insight would form a cornerstone of Waltons business dodge when he launched Wal-Mart in 1962. Cost- slick was an fixing in the Wal-Mart culture, and Walton understood that a major requirement for keeping be down was controlling the payroll.In 2012, Wal-Mart celebrated 50 years of portion people save money so they butt live better. The come with employs 2. 2 million associates worldwide and serves 200 million customers each hebdomad at more than 10,000 stores in 27 countries. Among the some business enterprises and organizations that changed the world, Wal-Mart holds a very important position. As comp bed to other genuine companies that changed a voltaic pile in th e world of entrepreneurs, Wal-Mart has a wretched, yet highly-acclaimed falsehood of success that is okay by brute force of efforts put in by many an(prenominal) members and employees.Wal-Mart adopt E-business What business processes were changed? Possibly the single greatest success story of e-business and B2B implementation is that of the rise to dominance by Wal-Mart in the North American retail market. Wal-Mart has impressive growth in such a short time span and the single most important factor in this rise was their harnessing of the power of e-business. Wal-Mart built an inventory and supply chain perplexity system that changed the face of business making it very competitive as an e-business. Like many companies, Wal-Mart started down the road to total integration by first linking its internal systems. Then the focus shifted toward an emphasis on incorporate Wal-Marts systems with those of its suppliers. More recently, Wal-Mart has initiated efforts to bring processes an d systems from the customer side of its business into the loop. Whats left is a customer-to-supplier architecture that allows Wal-Mart to follow its customers shop habits so closely as to know their likes and dislikes and to parlay that information into corpuscle promotions. (Robinson amp Kalakota, 2004) Wal-Mart has revolutionized supply chain management by using a pull model where customer demands drive the suppliers. Inventory control is delicately honed and purchasing trends are avail fitting to suppliers, whom now must be able to quickly respond to the needs of millions of customers. The business decision to decentralize the procurement process means that front-line staff in every store can immediately order the appropriate stock electronically, which will in bring out require rapid numeralout of product from the suppliers.This rapid replenishment system, coupled with accurate purchasing forecasting, helps Wal-Mart reduce overall costs. While not ceaselessly good for supp liers in general, Wal-Marts power as a teras in business has helped in establishing revolutionary standards for B2B e-commerce. Wal-Marts mindset of cutting costs at all costs resulted in them deploying EDI over the net profit to eliminate the costly VAN altogether. EDI over the Internet (EDI-INT) uses a new standard called AS2, a communication protocol that attempts to make EDI communications over the Internet both secure and reliable.By mandating their suppliers to use AS2, Wal-Mart leads the way in creating a demand for a new generation of EDI, and in turn drives the whole world of e-business forward. Early on, Wal-Mart saw the value of sharing that entropy with suppliers, and it eventually moved that information online on its Retail Link wind vane site. Opening its sales and inventory databases to suppliers is what made Wal-Mart the powerhouse it is today. Would the familiarity stand up without the E-Business aspect? Why or why not? Wal-Mart has so many great strengths to leverage throughout the global market, and Wal-Mart will survive without E-business. approximately of those strengths are that Wal-Mart best-positioned global retail, and it has a sacrosanct equipment casualty leadership. There is no doubt that Wal-Mart is the best-positioned global retailer to address the needs of customers around the world. Wal-Marts growth through new stores remains a priority, with supercenters the primary number one wood because they continue to offer the greatest returns and allow customers a one-stop shopping take through more than 3,800 stores and over 617 million square feet of selling space. Wal-Mart refreshing their fundamental price promise of provide low prices day-in and day-out on the broadest assortment.Their price message, backed by the strongest ad match policy in the industry, ensures that we are driving price separation with competitors. The certainty of great values throughout the store such as best-positioned global retail and a strong pr ice leadership has been fundamental to Wal-Mart for 50 years, and this company will to survive. Would the company survive without the Brick-and-Mortar aspect? Why or why not? Wal-Mart e-commerce websites is not going to replace bricks-and Mortar stores, because the key to Wal-Marts emerging e-commerce strategy is integrating store and online marketing.This strategy is product of ideas such as cull up at store. Wal-Mart launched on Tuesday its Site to Store program, in which Walmart. com customers can opt for free shippingprovided they are willing to pick up their order at a Wal-Mart store instead of having it sent to their home. The items lucid are shipped within 7 to 10 business days to a Wal-Mart store, and then an e-mail is sent to the buyer that alerts him or her to pick up the order. (McCarthy , 2007) Retailers say that tying online and in-store inventory together lets them sell more products to more customers.Nordstrom recently combined its inventory so that if the online s tockroom is out of a jacket, a store that has it can ship it to the Web customer. Encouraging customers to hark back items they have ordered online in a store increases visits to the stores, which usually increases sales. What were the grotesque advantages of this IT solution? Any noticeable drawbacks? Wal-Mart is strengthening their Global e-Commerce business by investing in new talent and technology such as Wal-Mart new iPhone application that allows

Cold Start 2013

The ambiguous circumstance of its military doctrine may be no bad topic for India, if the end result is what Thomas Schelling described as the threat that leaves something to casualty,76 but, as Delhi has disc everyplaceed, issuing even embryonic threats roll in the hay be counterproductive. Cohen and Dasgupta watch out that frore Start has been a boon for the Pakistan establishment, in that its diplomats and generals can contend on the international stage that India is in fact an war-ridden country. 77 And far from leaving something to chance, the prevailing arrangements are widely accepted as aspirational at best.Third, inter-service rivalry has crippled a event of modernisation efforts in the past, and doctrine appears to be no exception. Indias wars pick up historically been disjointed affairs. In the humiliating defeat by chinaware in 1962, airpower was glaringly absent. 78 Three years later, the Indian oxygenate Force (IAF) preferred strategic bombing to close air reinforcing stimulus. 79 Chari et al. , Four Crises and a Peace Process, 175. Ibid. , 177. 74 Khan et al. , Pakistans motivations and calculations for the Kargil con? ict. 75 Mukherjee, The Absent Dialogue. 76 Thomas C.Schelling, The dodge of Con? ict (Cambridge, MA Harvard UP 1960), 187. 77 Cohen and Dasgupta, Arming without Aiming, 66. 78 R. Sukumaran, The 1962 India-China fight and Kargil 1999 Restrictions on the Use of Air Power, Strategic Analysis 27/3 (2003), 341. 79 The limited amount of close air support furnished by the IAF was disastrous. It was characterised by dismal conduct, including the in? iction of casualties on Indian 73 72 Downloaded by Harvard College at 1328 22 July 2013 526 Shashank Joshi Downloaded by Harvard College at 1328 22 July 2013And although it compete all-important(a) roles in subsequent con? icts, it resists being co-opted for the Armys purposes. The Indian Navy (IN) has ssimilarly carved out an independent role for itself in recent years, followi ng minimal involvement in Indias wars. 80 Its doctrine presents war? ghting as one of four equally important roles, with the other three diplomatic, constabulary, and soft power functions being broader in geographic scope and less dependent on combat power. 81 The IAF and IN have abiding fears of being marginalised and subordinated by an overweening Army.This has ensured that Indian Chief of Defence staff (CDS) or Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) positions have never materialised, despite the coordination bene? ts of such an of? ce, whose existence was mooted as former(a) as 1949 and the case for which has been made recurrently since. 82 India is not unmatched in this regard. Industrialised democracies often face inter-service wrangling. 83 In Britain, evaluate austerity has prompted each service chief to vigorously defend the relevancy of his force structure, with an emphasis on costly platforms. 4 Such debates over force structure, such as the analogous questions over the utility of the F-22 in an age of irregular warfare, everywhere affect posture. 85 However, the Indian setting is characterised by particularly rigid service identities and a de? ciency of overarching political orchestration. Cold Start threatens the organizational essence of the IAF. 86 This is unsurprising as a doctrine for conventional limited war, it characterises airpower as ancillary to the movement of plant forces. Insofar as Cold Start is a strategic tract rather than one operational manoeuvre personnel.

The Concept of Administration and Organization

THE CONCEPT OF ADMINISTRATION AND ORGANIZATION A WHAT IS ADMINISTRATION showtime comment Administration can be define as the activities of hosts cooperating to achieve plebeian goals. There atomic number 18 particular key pieces of presidency. Cooperative the excogitate joint is the first key element in this definition. Human employment is reconciling if it has the effects that would be absent if the cooperation did non take place. * radical Activity Administration includes activities of more than one individual. * The term cooperative is delimitate in terms of the results of the kind activity.When two men together hurtle a stone which neither of them could roll alone they are cooperating. * therefore the essence of tribunal is the utilization of cooperative action for the movement of common goals. * Common goal the snatch key element of the above definition is the goal or purpose. * It is the common goal which encourages members to come together. Cooperation amo ng members is possible when they shell out a common goal. The idea of goal is central to the concept of administration in the sense that if there was not a goal, the members of the theme would not come together and cooperate with each some another(prenominal). Without the formulation of an objective or goal, no one within the group would know what to do and they would not get involved in any activity. * When someone determines the objective and the group is formed, than the group members will start to think about what they can do for the accomplishment of that objective. * Second Definition In another definition, administration is defined as an activity or process generally concerned with the room for carrying out prescribed ends. * Here, again in this definition the accomplishment of a specific goal is an important element of the administration. This definition indicates that administration is mainly concerned with the means that are necessary for the accomplishment of pre-d etermined goals. * It seems that a newfound element is introduced, that is the concept of means. Means The means are the ways by which something is done or obtained * A division of labor is necessary among the members of the group to accomplish a common goal. * There is also a strike for an delegacy structure to control and coordinate the activities of the individuals involved. ** Division of labor and authority structure are means (among others) for carrying out prescribed ends. Cooperation and any other method is also a means used in the administration. * all new definition of administration may introduce some other elements or concepts just now in essence they would be concerned with cooperative activity in the accomplishment of desired goals. Third definition harmonise to Waldo, for example, Administration is a type of cooperative human effort that has a huge degree of acuteity. * Any new definition of administration may introduce some other elements or concepts but in es sence they would be concerned with cooperative activity in the accomplishment of desired goals.Third definition According to Waldo, for example, Administration is a type of cooperative human effort that has a huge degree of rationality. * Here, rational action is introduced as a new element of administration but still cooperation is accepted as a necessary element of administration. * In Waldos definition, rational action is defined as actions correctly deliberate to realize the given desired goals with minimum loss to the realization of other desired goals. B What is Organization? ) Amitai Etzioni defines organization as social units (or human groupings) deliberately constructed and reconstructed to seek specific goals. This definition implies that the basic elements of organizations are individuals. Thus the first key element of organization refers to the grouping of individuals. * The second element of organization is that they are intentionally constructed for accomplishing spe cific objectives. * The third element is the concept of goals. Organizations are established for the accomplishment of certain goals.

Fall Fashion Trends

As we move into menstruate the weather gets cooler. The leaves start to change and so do clothes. Summer is off, and condescend is here. Its epoch to put away the bikinis and purchase the current in fall trends. Pick up these latest trends and youll be a unanimous choice for most stylish. Just like last category skinny Sc bes argon hot on the marketplace. Expect to see not only bright colored skinny Sc atomic number 18s, scarcely too peculiar prints. For example, leopard and plaid pants will make an appearance on the fall fashion racks as well.The same style of skinny scares will be out on the market. Watercolors dresses found at stores like Lulus already are popular from the summer and they will make their way into the fall temper collection as well. The great thing about this dress is that it washbasin be worn on the beach over your swimsuit, but it also hobo be worn for a fancy night out with the girls. As far as tops go fashion experts yell the effortless look of mi xing and matching different prints will put out on.The animal sweatshirts are at its peak in popularity for women of all ages. You butt find these items at Forever 21 . For footwear, the reign of Toms will continue, but there is also a new shoe on the market and those shoes are Vans. Vans are similar to Toms accept more sneaker-like. many another(prenominal) people buy various prints and bright colors of Vans. There are all different types of Vans. They are made for both boys and girls. There are low tops, high tops, wide Vans, and skinny Vans.The famous skater, Tony Hawk, has his own carry of Vans. Boots are back. This fall expect to see the ankle joint boots back, but this time around they all have a more edgy vibe, including zippers and studs. The ankle boots are still in, but the newest style is combat boots. This military excite boot instantly adds a touch of edge to any outfit, and they can be worn with Just about anything. If you follow these trends, then your fall ward robe will be set and every person in school will be wondering how you got such great style.

From Jack Kevorkian to Terry Schiavo

From Jack Kevorkian to Terry Schiavo, much media attention has been given in recent years to the question of the justifiedly to check. Most American states strike laws against taking ones own life sentence and many also have specific laws against assisted self-destruction. Many others charge those who would assist with suicide with manslaughter or attempted murder. Opponents of euthanasia say that in that respect is no provision in American law for the accountability to scrag. Many specific decents be spelled out in the Bill of Rights and others have been given through the shaping and its am hold onments, but nowhere has the law granted a person the beneficial to die.Proponents claim the right is inherent, God-given and a subject field of free will. The truth lies someplace in between. Americans should have the right to determine when their lives should end. That right is granted them by the Declaration of Independence. Americans have the right to die, as it is includ ed in the right to life, the right of self-rule and the pursuit of happiness. The first legal standard allowing Americans to accept to die should be the words of founding father Thomas Jefferson.In pen the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson said that people should have the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. By simple logic, death is an inherent part of life and consequently should be protected by Jeffersons words. As death is the oddment of life and the right to life is guaranteed by the Declaration, it is clear that citizens should be bear up under the right to die as they choose. By guaranteeing people the right to life and liberty, Jefferson may have been apparently spouting the philosophies of John Locke and others, but he inadvertently guaranteed people the liberty to choose their own death.Clearly, in 1776, the judgment of keeping people alive through the use of machines was not a consideration. However, Jefferson makes it clear that self-determ ination is a right of the people. It is that very self-determination that gave the American colonies the right to revolt against England and form their own country. That same right of self-determination should also apply to the average citizen. Nothing is more a matter of personal freedom than the right to die. Other cultures have long near this form of self-determination.In many cultures, the sick, infirmed or elderly would leave their society to die when they decided it was time. The concept that society has become more civilized should not prevent people from making this choice if they desire. The reality is that modern medication has allowed many people to live beyond what would once have been a normal life expectancy. Many of those people regret their longevity as they feel isolated, due to the deaths of contemporaries, and feel the guilt of being a pecuniary or emotional burden on their families.Others do not neediness to face the pain of chronic disease. These people have earned the right to do as they please and by the theory of self-determination, they should be granted that right. Finally, the Declaration grants people the right to the pursuit of happiness. Again, despite the advances of modern medicine, there is no guarantee that simply lengthening a persons life grants them additional happiness. In fact, some elderly persons are simply lonely and in pain. The pursuit of happiness for them might include an end to their suffering and as such, the right to die.The simple matter is that by guaranteeing people the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness and by predicating our society on the right of self-determination, America has already made it clear that the right to die is inherent in our beliefs. It should be as clear as the right to freedom of the press or the right to bear arms. Unfortunately, though we lecture a separation of church and state, America is also a phantasmal country and the right to die will not be acknowledge un til the fear of the moral repercussions is overcome.

Pax Americana: The Importance of Soft Power Essay

There atomic number 18 two main shipway through which a country can lose its ascendancy. First, it can be defeated militarily by a stronger, rising power. Second, it can nonsense from within, its culture and institutions progressively becoming weaker while its economy stagnates. Joseph Nye Jr. , in his book The Paradox of American Power, argues early on that America is in no immediate danger of rotting from within, as was the field with ancient Rome. Citing statistics to preciselytress his point, Nye shows that the negative media (both local and transnational) coverage received by the linked States have got little factual basis.While the country is non exactly where it wants to be in terms of morality and culture, it is certainly faraway from macrocosm the social Sodom and Gomorrah that it is portrayed to be. While the country lags some countries ( nonably those in the European Union) in m whatever social metrics, it is nevertheless substantially better-off than the respi re of the world in much(prenominal) terms. Neither is the U. S economy undergoing study problems. Despite the many doomsday predictions, the U. S. economy is growing at a respect competent rate and continues to maintain the high standard of living that Americans have enjoyed for the past twenty to thirty days.While the trade challenges posed by China and the European Union may prove problematic in the years to come, they are nevertheless still manageable at present. Thus, it appears that that the United States is not going to collapse on itself in the near future. What magnate Cannot Accomplish The Case for Soft Power With regards to soldiery power, no whizz can argue that the United States is in any danger of losing its hegemonic position. However, Nye posits the leaning that the United States must learn not to rely on this grammatical construction of its national power alone.One of his key contentions is that military power is not enough to maintain the ascendancy of the United States in the coming century. besides known as hard power, military power is an important incision of the countrys overall strength precisely it should not be the barely fount of influence from which the country draws. In a quick planetaryizing world, soft power, e. g. , economic and cultural strength, must be seen as being as important as its military capabilities. Power not single consists of brute force, but also of influence and persuasiveness.The cause agrees that if the United States is to reach out its foreign constitution objectives, then it must learn not lonesome(prenominal) to use its soft power, but to widen its scope in the years to come. Other than terrorism, a number of issues can single be firm by acknowledging that we live in a deeply interconnected world. Issues such as pollution and global warming, the spread of AIDS, drug trafficking, and human slavery cannot be addressed by any one country in isolation even if that country is a superpower .Because the relationships between state and non-state actors are increasingly intertwined in a mesh of common interests, then global multilateral cooperation is the only viable alternative that the world the United States include can choose. Current events would seem to prove this point. While the United States system the worlds predominant military power, it is becoming increasingly discharge that it cannot achieve its goals through unilateral military action.Indeed, the present war in Iraq is a clear indication of the United States limitations, especially when battling non-conventional organizations such as terrorist cells. Military might is an important tool in battling terrorism on a global scale, but the help of other countries especially when it comes to intelligence gathering will be increasingly required. In other words, only a multilateral approach will have an appreciable result on a global hydra such as terrorism. Similarly, only by using such an approach will th e U. S. e able to make progress on a variety of global issues.Recognizing the times Forming a Sound Foreign Policy Nye believes that American foreign constitution is too dependent on its military power, pointing out that the military receives 16 times the funding that the diplomatic service does. As he points out, the military corps is important but not sixteen times as important as diplomatic corps. As we enter the new millennium, the latter(prenominal) must gain more importance if the U. S. is to maintain its power.The era during which the U.S. could move on its national self-interest through military power alone is ready fading, if not already gone. The United States must learn to adapt to a new international political environment, one wherein it must strive to be looked up to as much as feared. Transnational problems cannot be lick in isolation, and America will need friends and allies if it is to make any lasting progress. However, it is also clear that the United States must not only begin to act multilaterally on a sweeping number of issues. moderateness must be pursued at all times. There are situations in which the privilege to act unilaterally must be exercised by the United States, especially when it comes to issues of national defense and survival. Neither should the U. S. lay off itself to be bound to international pacts that will restrict it excessively, or will allow other countries undue leverage over it. The key here is isotropy finding the right mix between protecting Americas current national interests, as well as its future believability and influence with the world community.A corollary to the preceding statement is that the United States must continue to provide global leadership by providing global ordinary goods, such as international order and a free merchandise system. While some may argue that such a policy inevitably spawns free riders, the U. S. must nevertheless push through with ensuring the availability of such publ ic goods, not only because they benefit the country directly, but also because they make America indispensable to the world, in effect legitimizing its power. The author agrees with Nye on such counts.America stands at a crossroads now the path it chooses to take will determine its future position in the world. If it decides to play the tyrant, it will suffer the usual fate of tyrants. However, if it chooses to adapt itself to the changed international political environment, it will ensure not only its survival but also its eminence. When Theodore Roosevelt said that he would speak softly but buy in a big stick, he was formulating sound foreign policy. What American leaders should notice is that he mentioned speaking softly before the big stick.

Macbeth’s Crimes Essay

Macbeths crimes argon derivation, appalling and pitiless. Does Shakespe atomic number 18 present this just nowcher, hell-kite and teras as a monster or as someone with whom it is practicable to feel kindness?The turning Macbeth was written by William Shakespeare. It was written for the replenishment of Elizabeth I, James I of England. James I of England, who was James VI of Scotland, was a descendent of Banquo, and for this rea male child Shakespeare changed his play from the federal agency this event actually took site in history. In history Banquo actually aided Macbeth in the cleanup position of Dun post, this would puzzle upset the fairy and may produce got Shakespeare in a serving of trouble. T presentfore Shakespeare changed it so that Banquo was non part of the syllabus to eat up the powerfulness and was against the idea totally. Shakespeare added the witches into the play, as James was deeply interested in witchcraft.This would make the play to a great(p )er extent appealing to the king. James was a star sign guess of The Divine Right Of Kings, this was a way of thinking that kings were raft picked by God and that they were, second in the hierarchy of the whole hu worldity underneath God. As James believed in this way of thinking it make the murder of Duncan a lot more salient.When Duncan was murdered there was dramatic impinge ons on Scotland. Shakespeare showed this unnatural affect over Scotland by things happening that would non happen normally. Such as horses eating severally former(a) and earthquakes happening. In the play Macbeth is shown as a tradgic hero. A tradgic hero is when a capital heroic man has a weakness in his character, for Macbeth the flaw in his character is his great ambition. His flaw has come from the witches telling him the 3 prophecies. This moody his whole perspective around and that was when his ambition took over.As the play starts we agnise do non imbibe Macbeth but we hear of how great a man he is and how much of a great brave worrywart he is highly respected by all of his fellow Thanes and he also commands high respect from the king as well. on that point analysems to be a connection with him and the witches in the first characterization as the witches offerFair is foul, and foul is fair (act 1, eyeshot I)This quotation show that things are not exactly what they seem. Macbeth repeats these words later on in that act.So foul and fair a day I remove no seen (Act 1, perspective III)When Macbeth says this there is a sense that the witch has already got some billet over him, even one thousandgh they get under ones skin not met each other yet.At the battle the sergeant seems really knowing that they had Macbeth on his position. The sergeant shows that he has great respect for Macbeth by complimenting him. Except they scene to the battle in reeking wounds or memorize some other martyrdom (Act 1, scene II)This phrase means that the sergeant was not sure if Macbeth and Banquo precious to swim in blood or make another Golgotha, which was when deliverer was sacrificed. King Duncan also shows his respect for Macbeth when he says O valiant cousin Worthy gentlemen (Act 1, scene II)Duncan is masking that he has great amounts of respect for Macbeth. afterwards the battle has interpreted place Macbeth and Banquo are on t heritor way hobo when the come across the 3 witches. The witches great Macbeth with 3 prophesies1. All issue forth Macbeth Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis2. All hail Macbeth Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor3. All hail Macbeth That shalt be king future.As Macbeth is told he will be king hereinafter there is a sight in the back of his mind to pour down the king. These prophecies have shocked Macbeth and when the witches start to leave he tries to make them stay. He tries to make them tell him more roughly the prophecies. When Ross tells Macbeth that he has move around Thane of Cawdor, Macbeth has the thought of cleansing the king again. Banquo says to him self in a soliloquyWhat can the devil speak true? (Act1, scene III)Banquo is stunned at the news, as is Macbeth. Macbeth asks them where they got this information as the Thane of Cawdor lives. Ross says that the Thane of Cawdor has been a traitor and that he is to be hanged. In Macbeths first soliloquy he saysGlamis, and Thane of Cawdor The greatest is behind. (Act 1, scene III)This shows that Macbeth has great institutionalize in the prophecies and is contemplating weather or not to blot out the king. Macbeth also shows that he doesnt really wish to efface the king when he says If kick downstairs will have me king, why, chance may crown me, with out my stir. (Act 1, scene III)Macbeth is showing resistance to cleaning the king as he thinks that if he doesnt do everything then maybe he will have a change of being king. This shows that Macbeth does have a conscience and that he k promptlys the difference between right and prostitute. There is a great seam between Banquo and Macbeth when they are told about each of their prophecies. Macbeth looks a lot in to them where as Banquo doesnt really look into them much. Banquo also warns Macbeth that the witches prophecies may not be the whole truth and may cause a lot of damage to him, despite this Macbeth still wants to be king. This shows Macbeth has ambition and this is the flaw of his character.Macbeth is not at all happy with Duncans ratiocination to make Malcolm, The Prince of Cumberland his heir to the throne. Macbeth is so angry with the decision in his soliloquy he saysStars cutis your fires Let not light see my black and deep desires (Act 1 scene III)Macbeth has reached a turning point he wants to kill Duncan because now there is now way the he can become king unless he kills Duncan. The quotation shows that he agnises what he is going to do is wrong so he wants to make no one can see what he is doing.In act 1 scene seven-spot Macbeth has another soliloquy in wh ich he faces a real dilemma. He is stuck with the decision weather or not to kill the king. His sayHe is here in double verify First as I am his kinsman and his subject, Strong both against deed then, as his host, Who should against his murderer shut the adit (Act 1, scene VII)Macbeth is really confused at this point he is not sure if he wants to kill Duncan or not. The quote above shows if he does then he is going against his morals and conscience. I think Macbeth knows the complete consequences of what he is about to do, this is why he has some doubt in his mind, as the consequences are terrible. Macbeth then talks to his married woman about his plan to kill Duncan, and how he is having second thoughts about killing Duncan. madam Macbeth teases him, so out of pride Macbeth is forced into killing Duncan.In Act 2 Scene I Macbeth is all alone when he sees a thorn in front off him.Is this a dagger which I see before me, the handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee I have t hee not (Act 2, scene I)I think that there is a blown-up significance of this dagger being there. The dagger is blood soaked and is pointing towards the house of the king. I think that the dagger is a way of his mind showing us that he has a guilty conscience and that he has become possessed by evil. All of the forcing from his wife has passed him over to the evil side and now he is dead set on killing Duncan. There is also an element of ambition, as he wants to kill Duncan to show he is capable and also for himself to show that he is a real man to his wife.Once Macbeth has murdered Duncan he acts genuinely strange almost resembling he is in a daze. He looks very disturbed, he saysThis is a sorry sight (Act2, scene II)He says this as he is tone at his hands as if he was disgusted with himself and that he couldnt believe he had done such a terrible thing. piece Macbeth was killing Duncan he heard voices verbalizeSleep no more Macbeth does murder sleep (Act 2, scene II)This rea lly got to Macbeth, he didnt know where the voice came from and it really startled him. doll Macbeth just told him to take no notice of what the voices had utter.But wherefore could not I pronounce Amen? I had most need of blessing, and Amen stuck in my throat. (Act 2, scene II)This also scared Macbeth has when he was about to kill Duncan he wanted to say a plea but the word Amen was stuck in his throat. These two affects were the first few consequences of killing Duncan.Will all great Neptunes ocean dud this blood clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rather The multitudinous sea incarnadine, Make the green one red (Act 2, scene II)This quote shows Macbeth is first to feel guilty about his actions. When Macbeth says will great Neptunes oceans wash this blood clean from my hands he is conveying that it is such a bad thing that he has done nothing in the instauration can clear him of his sins. Macbeth shows regret for him killing Duncan when he saysWake Duncan with thy bel t I would thou couldst (Act 2, scene II)Macbeth is becoming unstable mentally and is regretting killing Duncan.In act 3 Scene 4 Macbeth is having a banquet. At the start Macbeth is called away to see on of the murderers who gave him a report. Macbeth wanted Banquo and his son Fleance to be killed, the murderers simply killed Banquo but Fleance got away.Then comes my fit again I had else been perfect Whole as the marble, founded as the rock, As broad and frequent as the casing air But now I am cabind, cribbd, confind, bound in To saucy doubts and fears. (Act 3, scene IV)Macbeth is very forbid that the killers did not kill Fleance as it has ruined his plan but he believes he can get around this hiccup. Once Macbeth has returned to the banquet he is asked to join the Lords. Lenox says to Macbeth here is a place reservd, sir. Macbeth asks him where? Lenox says here my good lord. What ist that moves your highness? Macbeth goes into a rage and starts to screamWhich of you have done thi s? (Act 3, scene IV)Macbeth sees Banquos ghost in his chair, now Macbeth is going insane. All of the guests start to worry about the king but lady Macbeth tells them twit worthy friends my lord is often thus, and hath been from his youth pray you keep seat the fit is momentary upon a thought He will again be well. (Act 3, scene IV) wench Macbeth is trying to cover for Macbeth by saying that he is disturbed because of a childhood drama. Lady Macbeth does this out of solicitude so that none of the lords are worried about the king. This could also affect his respect and reputation with the lords as they may think he is delusional. Lady Macbeth covers for Macbeth very well. Lady Macbeth then asks the lords to leave, as Macbeth is very sick. Once the lords had leave Macbeth tells lady Macbeth that he has a spy in every house. Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth to get some sleep as he is become mentally unstable. Macbeth is suffering from all of the killing that he has done and it is not only a ffecting him it is also affecting his marriage to which seems to be deteriorating as the play goes on.In Act 4 scene I Macbeth goes to visit the witches, which shows he firmly trusts the witches as he has gone to them which gives a sense that they hove power over him where as if he waited and let them come to him he would not have given the impression that he was desperate. Macbeth is told 3 prophecies the first isMacbeth Macbeth Macbeth look out Macduff Beware the Thanes of Fife. Dismiss me. Enough(Act 4, scene I)The first apparition says this it is a warning to Macbeth simply telling him to beware of Macduff, as he is dangerous. Macduff was neer happy about Macbeth becoming king as Macduff never be Macbeths crowning and he also suspected Macbeth of killing Duncan.The second prophecies isBe bloody, bold and resolute laugh to scorn the power of man, for none of women innate(p) shall harm Macbeth (Act 4, scene I)This prophecy made Macbeth relax a little, as he didnt think that the re was any one in the world that could not be of women born. Which made him feel much more safer and almost invincible.The third prophecies isMacbeth shall never vanquishd be until great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane Hill shall come against him (Act 4, scene I)Macbeth was very happy with this prophecy as for him this meant he was invincible, as he believed that Burnam wood would never come to Dunsinane. He shows that he is very happy about his prophecies when he saysThat will never be Who can impress the forest, bid the guide Unfix his earth bound root? Sweet bodements Good (Act 4, scene I)Macbeth has obstinate to kill the Macduffs as Macduff has flied to England and Macbeth sees this as the perfect fourth dimension and way to kill them. If they are killed Macduff will be distort and will want to kill Macbeth but Macbeth thinks he is invincible. This is the perfect time as there is no one to protect his family.In Act 5 scene I Macbeth is getting ready for battle when he hears a w omen screaming he sends his servant to investigate. He returns and tells Macbeth that his wife is dead. Macbeth responds to this by sayingShe would have dies hereafter There would have been a time for such a word. To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow, travel in this pretty pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time and all our yesterdays have lighted fools the way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candela Lifes but a walking shadow, a little player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage, and then is heard no more it is a tale told by an idiot, gull of sound and furry, signifying nothing. (Act 5, scene V)This speech is said by Macbeth as he thinks life is not worth life history for any more. He tries hard to make his life better but in the end he is going to die so what is the point. That is the harming of attitude he is taking. Macbeth is then told that Burnam Wood is moving to wards Dunsinane. Macbeth reacts very seriously to this he calls the messen ger aLiar and slave (Act 5, scene V)Macbeth cannot believe it, the wood is moving, he is in such anger as the prophecies are not holding up to their word. Macbeth has his armour put on so he is ready for battle.In the final scene Macbeth and Macduff have a battle, Macbeth is very full of himself until Macduff saysDespair thy charm and let the angel whom thou still hast servd tell thee, Macduff was from his mothers womb amiss(p) rippd. (Act 5, scene VII)Macbeth is in shock he cannot believe it, all the prophecies have been untrue. Them Macbeth is killed bye Macduff and Macbeths head is stuck on a poll and paraded around. This was a way of showing the people that if they betray the king this is what will happen to them.The witches have influenced Macbeth, if they had not shown him the 3 prophecies then he would never have killed the king and he would still be a noble man. The witches were agents of evil so they were bound to tempt Macbeth. The witches simply showed Macbeth what he co uld be if he listened to them they did not force him they gave him the option and Macbeth choose their way. The witches have no power so they simply temp and try to push Macbeth in the direction they want him to go. Their influence is fair great on Macbeth.Lady Macbeth is a very possessive woman and has a great amount of ambition about her. When she read the letter from her husband in Act 1 scene V she was determined on making Macbeth the king. She wanted him so badly to become the king. She showed her determination in Act 1 scene VII when she said she wouldI have given suck, and know how tender tis to bop the babe that milks me I would, while it was smiling up in my face, clear pluckd my nipple from his boneless gums, and dashd the brains out, had I so sworn as you have to this. (Act 1, scene VII)She is so determined she would kill her own baby while she was feeding it, this shows that she is a very strong women. Lady Macbeth wants to become purely evil she shows this when she s aysCome spirit that tend on mortal thoughts Unsex me here, and fill me from the crown to the walk top-full of direst cruelty make thick my blood. (Act 1, scene V)Lady Macbeth also saysTH effect and it Come to my womens breasts, and take my milk for gall, you murdering ministers, wherever in your sightless substancesLady Macbeth wants very thing that is feminine about her taken away from her so she can be purely evil.Lady Macbeth shows she isnt purely evil in Act 2 scene II when Macbeth asks her why she didnt kill Duncan she saysHad he not resembled my father as he slept, I had donet. (Act 2, scene II)As the play goes on lady Macbeth and Macbeths relationship starts to fall apart. At the beginning of the play Macbeth tells his wife every thing as the play digresses they lose faith and trust in each other. They do not tell each other anything. Lady Macbeth was not told by Macbeth that he was planning to kill Banquo or the Macduffs he simply just didnt communicate with her anymore.I believe that Shakespeare has presented Macbeth as some one who you can feel sympathy for, as he seems to be pushed in to killing Duncan by Lady Macbeth. I think that he never had any intentions of killing Duncan it was because his wife drove him so that he could gain power. He was not as strong as he seems, his wife bullies him into killing Duncan but he is a hero on the battlefield. Also if he had not seen the witches then I do not think that he would have any thoughts of killing the king.

Crazy Eddie Essay

1) Red flags were the increase on short-term investment receiv fits wherefore would an electronic comp some(prenominal) founder short-term investments in the first place. augment of prepaid catalogue in 1987 should be alarm nearly triple from 1986. The company gross profit margin was stable of around 13%-16% average there was no need to increase inventory prepaid. as well as lack of accounts payable and account receivable was a sign each retail company should have bad debt expense or security deposit for doubtful accounts as customers may afford humbug to purchase products. The inventory age of went from 80 in 1986 to 111 in 1987 yet cost of goods change primarily consisted of inventory was average from 1984 to 19872) Several size up procedures could have been performed to shew round the bend Eddie wrong doing A) The falsifying inventory count crumbvas would be detected if the auditors randomly performed inventory count and compare it to the disquieted Eddie sheet and consulted with inventory experts of how companies can mislead auditors. B) Bogus email could been investigated by requesting cover song expect documentation to support the memos and also if this was menti unitarydduring administrator meetings by reviewing the executive board minutes. withal by contacting the vendor and reconciling their receivables to payables of fruity Eddie. C) Tran cargo ships gross tax would have been by reviewing account receivable process from start to finish. look backward payment of the trade invoices and checking shipping department log of when transshipment was done and of stratum contact the buyer to authenticate the sale to place. D) Consignment of inventory is to also audit their inventory and compare it to nauseated Eddie log and review of the ingest between both parties how they lock the consignment agreement3) As auditors they die the industry they are in and even compare pecuniary records of some otherwise companies in the same industry for regularities and irregularities. During the 80s it was evident that the electronic industry was declining and ever changing leaving certain products to being obsolete. Transhipping do it difficult, as they were able and justify the reasoning for buying bulky function of products however auditors should be able to communicate with supervisors of the life shelf of products and be able to produce aging schedule for each product they sell.4) Lowballing in the audit context is to charge a client cheap in order to offer other services at fair or premium costs. Other services perform by the same potent of the independent client does violate its independency as the debauched stride with the company gets queen-sizedger and creates conflict of interest as some can be audits of services they provided to the company violating extraneous independence and objectively 5) constituent of the audit team if a third of the sample size I requested can non be find I would suspicious and question if the sale even took place. Also means that I will need to convey more than sales with that time period to see if more exceptions appear. Also I would receive their sales process and witness the process for deficiencies and app chevvy other ways to detect red flags for example selecting sales from shipping department or warehouse department for possible red flags as well.6) I believe its common for audit instalments to join clients team as management already know the value he brings and since Sarbanes Oxley and PCAOB does not forbid the practice will continue on. That person is familiar with theiraccounting system therefore he will be more efficient that transport a person new also the relationship with audit firm can be strengthen and less problematic having that person as an liaison during the audit period. The cons are the negative light and question the independence of the audit firm. The person may have extensive knowledge how to deceive and commit unethic al transactions without his former employer knowing.FactsEddie was born in 1947 into a large close Syrian family. and dropped out of high school at the age of 16 years old and peddled television in Brooklyn neighborhood. By 1969 Antar and one of his cousins have funds to open consumer electronic store called loony Eddie. barmy Eddie was nickname given to Antar through his behavior towards customers, vendors, and subordinates. For example Antar would period the exit door even locking door until the individual concord to buy something anything Antar distinctive trait was the inability to trust anyone outside his big family circle and approximatelyly relatives hold company positions in all capacity.Crazy Eddie was know for marketing advertising antics in 1972 Antar packd radio temper know as Dr. Jerry as Crazy Eddies advertising spokesman. Discounting policy was the theme to the campaigns promising to refund the difference of the selling price and frown retail price with the 3 0 days of purchase.In the early 1980s electron industry exploded lead to increasing growth to Crazy Eddie by 1987 the company product sales were the followingAntar encourage to upsell the customer and to purchase extended warranty as the electronic was already verify by the manufacturer lead to high profit margin Crazy Eddie would purchase large amount of quantity and avoid large concessions expenses that allowed him transhipper normally known as secondary supplier to smaller stores in the peeled York City area .In1983 Crazy Eddie decided to go world to raise capital for expansion butwas delayed over year for the initial crack as underwriter discovered several discrepancies of the company financial records and relatives spot in the business key example his wife and mother genuine 6 figure salaries for little or no work. Recommended Antar to hire chief financial officer with public company experience and hired his cousin Sam Antar as his CFO. The sale of pains was tremendous success and with the permission of the SEC issued 200,000 more line of products. One way to sway financial analyst for positive reviews was to realise them to his store and show his salesman skills to close sales . One analyst wrote Crazy is a self disciplined competently organized firm with a sophisticated management and a well trained, dedicated staff found on the 1984-1987 financial statement and rave financial reviews investors from the IPO completed 1,000 percent increaseIn 1986 Antar resigned from the company but remained chairperson member but after a few weeks he completely withdrew from the company. By 1987 the end of the electronic bubble, increased local competition, diminished supplier leverage, and family issues most notably bitter divorce as a result family members cream sides were the indication of the Crazy Eddie downfall. Mismanagement of the company and poor financial reports plummeted the stock as regulatory officials started investigating. November 1987 the company was taken over by devil individuals while performing due diligence they uncovered 65 one cardinal million million inventory storageExtensive investigating SEC alleged Antar was confused about company stock and ordered staff commit fraud by inflate/understate balance sheet items like overstate receivable by 2 million the following yellow understating payables by 9 million dollars. Overstated inventory with non-existent productsPrepare bogus memos reports and entered in company accounting records Included consignment & goods to manufacturer as revenueOverstating transshipping inventory transactionsUnderstating COSGSPeat Marwick was the Crazy Eddie accounting firm but the underwriterssuggested to hire bigger recognizable firm and comply to hire Main Hurdman that unite with Marwick was the independent auditor for modest lowball fee while offering over non-auditing services to make up the difference. Hurdman charged Crazy Eddie 85 thousand for auditing service while chargin g millions to do their computer inventory systems. doubting Hurdman independence and objectively as Crazy Eddie accountant were former Hurdman staff. Hurdman self-renunciation was Antar would properly stock year end inventory to hide any shortages and systematically conceal documentations of shortages and to junk their computer operated inventory system and rescue to manual system making difficult to determine actual conclusion inventory at time period the entire accounting department participating in the collusion to throw off auditors.In 1989 Crazy Eddie lost line of credit and filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy Antar was arrested with 17 counts of financial fraud in 1993 and publicly admitted to defrauding investors by manipulating accounting records in may of 1996. Lawsuit was settled in 1993 in the amount of 42 million to various defendants including Peat MarwickAnalysisCrazy Eddie problems started with the idea to increase its expand the intemperately tied family business an d decided to take the company public than have venture capitalist provide the capital instead. We can see why it went public electronic started becoming the norm and disposable income complimented the fast maturation industry. Crazy Eddie had the advantage similar to Wal-Mart being able to purchase large quantities at a low rate and taking a dance step forward to being second supplier to small business. Crazy Eddie failed to live or wasnt aware of the product cycle and wasnt able to forecast of where the industry was headed nor did it know the life of technology it was buying would not outpace demand.Management at Crazy Eddie raised concerns regarding experience and fostering to make sound decisions to operating and financing structure the company needed also family had to be problem as some relatives received a salary just because theyre family. After going public the Antar accomplished financial ratios had to be sound and used his power to convince the public that his compan y wasgrowing despite the current trends. His power was used to commit fraud and deceive the public in order to maintain the stock price like Enron would do a decade later and had the support of the entire accounting finance decision as no one reported to the SEC of their wrong doingRecommendationsRecommendations for Crazy Eddie are to have the responsibility management in place from executives to senior positions. Individuals that understand the industry trends and operate as efficiently possible. Finance department needed not altogether strong accounting department but an even stronger intragroup audit department that can properly perform Sarbanes Oxley section 404, SAS 69, SAS 99, SAS 109, SAS 115 for internal control practitioners to identify, prioritize, evaluate, and test the controls in place to prevent fraud and other financial statement material errors. inseparable audit needs to be candid with external auditors and share reading that can benefit external auditors durin g the financial audit a lot of sensitive valuable information went rogue that could been used to detect operations inventory fraud.ReferencesSarbanes Oxley Section 404 Internal Control Practitioners pedagogy on Auditing Standards 69 The Meaning of Present sensibly in Conformity With Generally Accepted Accounting Principles teaching on Auditing Standards 99 Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement AuditStatement on Auditing Standards 109 Understanding the Entity and Its Environment and Assessing the Risks of Material MisstatementStatement on Auditing Standards 115 Communicating Internal Control Related Matters identify in an Audit

Failure of Thomas Gradgrind (Hard Times by Charles Dickens)

Thomas Gradgrind is a gentlemans gentleman bereft of any imagination or fancy, and perhaps that is why he is a staunch believer in the operableity of the culture system. He discards wonderment and regards facts and figures as the ultimate path to learning. In the novel Hard Times, the author Charles Dickens has shown Gradgrind as an gentilityist, and hence has envisioned him utiliseing his views on both his pupils in the prepare, as well as on his family. He expects his students to engage in no occasion plainly factual education and brings up his children on the same principle.Fashioning his children on the principle of logic, he wants to take away model beings forbidden of them, which he whitethorn portray to society as examples of a practical reputation. But he fails to understand the power of pitying emotions, or rather their weakness. Ignoring all possibilities of what hope and imagination could bring, into the lives of both himself and differents approximately him, he creates a wall of facts beyond which it becomes rattling hard for his young woman Louisa and his son gobbler to see, which they very much come to want. They get purify of their buzz offs eminently practical ways and long to hand out free from the environment they are made to live in.Their desires and wishes are so subdued that they are forced to turn to whatever respite, no payoff how little they can get from any source whatsoever. Despite his efforts to implement his theory upon everyone around him, the seed of fancy does not die out in his son and girlfriend, and is evidently on display in the disaster where the siblings are caught peeping in at the fanciful circus which fuels their starved imaginations, except their moment is ill-judged lived as they are caught by their eminently practical father who chastises them for their behavior.In his views, their behavior is astonishing, for such practical children are not expect to be seen paying attention to things such a s circuses and other such buffoonery. His views, which he holds in such high regards, fail here as it shows that no thing how much practicality a person is fed with, correct if it is up to the brim leaving no room for any thing belonging to another constitution, that basic human being nature, which is known as, among others, fancy, will come up its way through the thickest of books and the toughest of facts, into the minds of human beings, especially those so deprived of it.And it may as well grow their, positively if it is fed, and negatively, in a room of frustration and despair, if it is not. Such was the case with Gradgrinds children that their fancy was gravely trampled upon and not allowed to grow, that their basic human nature of fancy and imagination took on a negative tone of development and brought out in them natures far from what dexterity be considered good. Gradgrinds forcing upon them his extreme practicality and factual nature brings out the chastise in them, as is often the case with youth exposed to the extremities of human psychology.His daughter Louisa enters into a loveless marriage with the unsympathetic man Bounderby, and becomes an heartless and cold person. There is no hope developed within her to help oneself her think about what other prospects might have been open for her whereas Tom goes astray and disembarks on a path unfit for a human race of his stature. There is no imagination in his mind whatsoever to counsel to him another course of being other than the one he has been brought up on, which is also the one he detests, and hence, in desperation, he takes to the only other path he sees before him.Gradgrind, having firm belief in the sensibleness of his ideas, extends his educational theory to the orphan child sissyish, who is the estranged child of the circus man Jupe, whom Gradgrind, overcome by pity at realizing her prospects as an un-apprenticed orphan, invites to live in his own house, which he relishes in prese nting as an example to Louisa as to what becomes of soulfulness who engages in things which do no appeal to the rational side of man.He provides pantywaist with the same logical education he had been fashioning his children and his pupils on, but Sissy is not able to be as practical in nature as her education ought to have made her. She is not able to add behind her basic nature, one which has bred from a past of reading faggot tales and enjoying the circus, which Thomas Gradgrind so detests. And it is this past, this quality of nature, which ultimately helps his son to escape a dreadful turn of events. Tom Gradgrind, on the other hand, having received an education factual in nature to the core, and without any experience whatsoever in casesotherwise, goes off course and unlike his father, becomes a man of lesser standards. He enters into gambling and commits thievery. The education tom receives, which teaches him that self interest must ski lift above every other, is over-don e. As a result Tom becomes so selfish that he coaxes his baby Louisa into marrying the rich businessman Bounderby just so that he could mint money for his gambling purposes, and becomes cross with her, when Louisa lands up on the wrong side of her marriage and is not able to fulfill his demands anymore.His sister is distraught at being treated coldly by her pricy brother, as he is the sole love of her career. He is very efficiently able to hide the crime he commits by playing upon the normal suspicion on the poor workman Stephen Blackpool, the suspicion he has facilitated by taking advantage of Stephens gratitude towards his sister and asking to keep realise over the bevel on the days leading to the robbery, so that the command doubt would naturally fall on Stephen.Gradgrind is forced to realize the trial of his theory implemented on his children by the embarrassment he suffers at the hands of his son when Tom junior, after his heist at the bank is at the brink of exposure, is in the process of escaping but is stopped short by Gradgrinds old student Bitzer, who has now become a man of utmost practical bend of mind, who places his teachers very theory in his own face.Bitzer is an unyielding man who gives importance to vigour above self interest, which, as he truly states, was taught to him under the school of thought propagated by Thomas Gradgrind himself. He gives no regard to his condition educator, stating instead that self interest and practicality is what he has been taught all his life, and that is what he shall practice. Gradgrinds daughter Louisa marries Bounderby solely for the sake of her brother.Neither does she feel anything special towards Bounderby, neither holds anything against him, but agrees to it solely on her brothers suggestion. To her, nothing in her life is worth getting excited for, as the extreme practical nature of her upbringing restricts her from thinking about things she couldve possibly engaged in. Her saying, from time t o time, What does it matter? suggests that she is so jaded of the system she is a part of, that it does not matter to her what goes on around her, and is devoid of all concern.Her upbringing and education has been so weak in equipping her with knowledge about human traffic of any kind that she is flustered when she is approached by James Harthouse with matters of the heart, and rushes back to her father as she is clueless about what to do about or pass water of the situation, thus displaying the failure of Thomas Gradgrinds principles and beliefs on which he has brought his daughter up. This which goes on to show that mans basic temperament cannot be bottled and filed, thus failing his theory of education being profoundly practical.

Carson Manor Essay

Three consulting groups had responded to a RFPHas to recommend a consultant by mid-DecemberCarson manorWas opened about 30 years ago for persons requiring breast feeding care. It has a bed capacity of 470 and staff totaled 235 with nonmanagement personnel unionized.The cogitation structurePurchasing and supply division (PSD)The PSD and its director had purchasing and tendency authority for the citys engineering, fire, social services and so on. The main objective of the PSD was to respond to the learns of other departments and divisions for goods and services at marginal cost, consistent with desired quality, delivery timing and reliability.The Carson Manor studyThe Carson Manor had a history of problems related to budgeting and cost control City council matte up the cost per bed higher than privately run institutions. The report for incoming to the Carson Manor Committee of Man- agement in early June Carson Manor costs were approximately 14% higher than state averages on a per-bed basis. It is difficult to rate and control costs in the absence of a patient miscellany system. It recommended an operational review by an outside agency and outlined some general guidelines and objectives. Council accepted the reports recommendations and initiates an independent consultants study of Carson Manor.Three proposalsPatientcare Ltd. large operators of nursing homes $35000Clarke-Hamilton Ltd. management consulting firm determined 100 miles away. $47000 Standardcare Ltd. large operators of nursing homes $77000BASIC ISSUESNeed Criteria in the hold dear PropositionCategories of NeedsRepetitive or Non-repetitive RequirementsMethods of DescriptionStandardization & reducingRisk managementTasksWhat does Elaine do?Questions for discussionHow does a supply master know that a certain requirement is strategic?ActionsResultsPrioritiesSatisfied the meat need of Carson ManorService qualityAvoid supply crackReduce the costMaintain the reputationBest ConclusionI recomme nd selecting the Standardcares proposal because its three characters, manage Henford Lodge 150-bed restorative care program, operational review of Martin Nursing Home and owns or manages 2,400 nursing home bed and units in this state and Florida, satisfied the core need of Carson Manor. And $1.1 million can be saved by selecting the Standardcares proposal. And Standardcare is a large operator of nursing homes but not too utmost away from Carson Manor.

Economics of the movie business Essay

or so of the icons that are eventually released are cofinanced. This is a term that is utilize at bottom the movie industry to describe those films for which there are more than whiz firm that dowry both the cost of drudgery as tumesce as the revenues. Nearly one-third of all the movies that are released are cofinanced. mingled studies have shown that the main reason for co funding is to manage and share risk. Most of the major(ip) studios are in the category of publicly traded firms where the investors are free to break away out their own diversification decisions.Not always is the cofinancing decision cogitate to the movie returns as the studios rarely cofinance highly risky films1. Demand is ambitious to predict and thus financial risk remains to be a characteristic of the film industry since close of the cost is incurred long in the first place the demand can be actualized. Its thus the reason that most of the authors in this field have argued that the key variabl e that shapes the industry is the financing strategy adopted. Mainly, there are three ways in which cofinancing would shrivel risk associated with the movie turnout.First, the cofinancing of the relatively risky films by the studios would give them the hazard to participate in the less risky projects. Second, cofinancing would allow studios to fine pains their portfolios thus gaining the advantage of covariances of the gains across the movies. The third advantage of cofinancing is the simple right of large numbers to share a potential loss . information collection The data to be used here in this publisher is the information provided forth in Goettler, R. L and Leslie, P. (2004) where information on everyplace 3,826 movies was exhibited in the US between 1987 to 2000. The primary source of the data was the net income Movie Database (IMDb). The analysis focused mainly on self-will choices of the major studios. Out of the 3,826 movies examined, 1,305 were produced by the maj or studios. The analysis here focuses on ownership choices that have been made by the major studios. Movie profitability has been establish on the return on investment, RIO, which is defined as the revenue divided by the cost.Revenue in this case was measured as the trades union America box office revenue and cost was obtained from the production budget. snaps negative cost, which is the standard measure of production cost was alike used. Other cost such as advertising are in most cases proportional to the cost of production and were thus not evaluated in this sympathetic of study. Thus the ROI evaluated here was basically the relative profitability of the films only when not the absolute profitability. Also the measure of revenues in this study excluded some revenues such as foreign box and video revenue.It would be archetype to use all the revenue sources but the approach would have exceptional the number of films in the analysis as most of this sweet of data is only ava ilable only to a subset of films. At the like succession limiting the analysis only to the films with this kind of extra data may introduce selection bias as most of this data perhaps limited to the successful films only1. Identification of cofinanced films The adverting of a production conjunction is the first sign that there are cofinancing partners but this is not a sufficient condition. The most important criteria is to know if a firm contributes towards the production cost.Its worth to note that a firm can be impute for having contributed into the production caller-out of a film after initiating then exchange the project to a major studio even without retaining revenue shares. This kind of arrangement referred to as first-look deal is common between a semi-independent production company and a studio in a long-term relationship. The criteria used here in determining if a film is cofinanced is that first if a major studio is on the list of the production company for a ce rtain film, then the assumption is that the studio has some ownership lay on the line in the film.Second, Variety magazine was a source of those firms with the first-look deals from the Facts on Pacts list and those that are equity partners. The assumption here was that a firm was a joint owner if it was on the production company list and as well on the equity partner2. For those movie that an independent firm and a major studio cofinanced, the question of whether either of these two had the option of macrocosm sole-owner remains.In simple term, one may also question which among the two firms initiated the wide project? The available information suggest that the studio usually has the principle to decide if it will co-own or just be a sole-owner. This kind of decision called greenlighting is usually made during decision point of whether to make the movie or not. Complications do arise like when two companies have the same subsidiary structure such as having the same parent comp any and at the same time end up owning the same movie.In such cases, it was assumed that the movie was not cofinanced since the production divisions happen to unravel as integrated components of the parent studio rather than as being competitors. Another point of ownership ignored was the cases where the directors or the star actors perform a part of the movie revenues. This was so because most of this happens as a result of the directors/actors blind drunk bargaining power to have a share of the revenue once the movie is successful rather than a strong will to share and manage risk.