Auditory System

The world contains all kinds of energy that translates into information about what we see, hear, smell, name and taste. A sensory establishment is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing specific sensory information. The components of a sensory system include sensory receptors, neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception. To begin, energy from the environment stimulates the receptor cells in whichever sense pipe organ is being used. If this information were audile, the ear would convert sound waves in the piece of cake into electrical impulses that would further be interpreted by the brain as sound.A sound wave first enters the pinna, the fleshy part of the ear on the outside of the body. It and so travels through the external auditory canal where it then meets the eardrum, a thin membrane in the outer ear. The eardrum then vibrates in response to the sound wave. What we hear will depend on the wavelength and absolute frequency of th e wave. The eardrum is connected to a group of triple low-toned bones call the ossicles in the middle ear. This group includes the malleus, incus and the stirrup iron. These three bones, the smallest in the human body, protect the eardrum from more intense sounds and also deliver the vibrations to the base of the stapes.The stapes then sends the vibrations into the interior ear and interacts with the speech rhythm window. The lag window, a small membrane that allows liquid inside the interior ear to be displaced and receive the vibration. The vibration travels through the spiral construction of the inner ear called the cochlea and ends at the round window. Inside the cochlea there are three canals the scala vestibuli, the scala media and the scala tympani. The scala vestibule leads up to the apex of the cochlea, the scala tympani leads down to the round window and the scala media sits in between the other two canals.All of these canals are fill with fluid and are separate d by two different membranes Reissners membrane and the Basilar membrane. Both of these membranes are flexible and respond to the vibrations change of location through the scala vestibuli. The movements of the membranes then send the vibrations down the scala tympani. A structure called the electric organ of Corti, which is situated on the basilar membrane, becomes stimulated as the membrane vibrates and sends punk impulses to the brain. Within the Organ of Corti are a group of specialized cells called tomentum cerebri cells, which are covered by the tectorial membrane.As the basilar membrane vibrates, the hair cells are bents and push up against the tectorial membrane. This causes the hair cells to fire and send gist impulses to the auditory cortex on each of the brains hemispheres through the cochlear nerve. How we determine switch can be explained with two different theories. The Place Theory states that the inbuilt basilar membrane does not vibrate at once so different pa rts of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies of sound. move frequency sounds vibrate the basilar membrane near the apex of the cochlea turn higher frequency sounds produce vibrations closer to the base.The Frequency Theory states that the frequency of firing matches the frequency of the sound wave. Hearing loss can supervene for a number of reasons. Damage to the eardrum due to age and elongated exposure to loud noise may cause the hairs or nerve cells in the cochlea to wear out and become less effective. A buildup of earwax can block the ear canal and prevent of sound waves from submission the eardrum. Otosclerosis, a genetic form of hearing loss in which the stapes is fixed in place so sound cannot enter the inner ear.