Business, law, and ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business, law, and ethics - Essay Example For instance, they let the company adopt the sell recommendation which is detrimental to the investors. Instead of playing their watchdog role, the gatekeepers failed to perform this function which led to the collapse of the company. The gatekeepers also failed to detect securities fraud as it took place at Enron. This contributed to the collapse of the company. The euphoria in the market made the gatekeepers less relevant thereby overlooking their work. This compromised their credibility since it resulted in the downfall of the company. Regardless of the market conditions prevailing at an given moment, it is imperative for the gatekeepers to make sure that they perform their expected duties so as to safeguard the investors’ money. Failure to adhere to their stated goals may result in fraud activities being committed by the directors of the organization concerned. This is what happened at Enron since the directors engaged in unethical practices that resulted in the downfall of the company. There is also need for the gatekeepers to preserve their reputational capital so as to ensure that their clients are operating within the expected framework. However, in this case, it can be seen that the gatekeepers’ reputational capital slackened and this resulted in them failing to perform their expected duties. This compromised the performance of the company and it contributed to its downfall. Once the gatekeepers have been reluctant in their operations, they may not be able to detect problems that may impact negatively on the operations of the company. the monitoring function of the gatekeeper is meant to ensure that things such as fraud are not committed by the company executives in their operations. The case of Enron also shows that the gatekeepers did not perform their obligations to monitor the operations of Enron. In order to prevent such a situation from happening again in the future, it is imperative for the gatekeepers to

Critical Mission of Homeland Security Essay Example for Free

Critical Mission of Homeland Security Essay The Department of Homeland Security was created after the attacks of September 11, 2001. The Department was formed by merging many exiting resources and adding to the best practices already in place. The Strategic Objectives of the Department are stated by the Department as â€Å"We will lead the unified national effort to secure America. We will prevent and deter terrorist attacks and protect against and respond to threats and hazards to the Nation. We will secure our national borders while welcoming lawful immigrants, visitors, and trade. â€Å" (Homeland Security). Critical Mission of Homeland Security The critical missions of Department of Homeland Security are to prevent, protect, respond and recover. Through utilization of all available technology and resources the primary mission is to prevent an aggressive act. If they are unable to prevent the incident the department will shift focus to protection. Protect as many citizens as possible from any imminent incident. If the incident could not be prevented the Homeland Security officials will respond to whatever the results are of the incident. This response could be in the way of coordinating with other agencies to provide the care and safety needed by the population in the affected area. The final mission is to recover from the incident. Although each mission is defined as a single mission in practice they are often interlinked in execution. While protecting citizens from an incident the agency at the same time may be proactively responding to the results of the incident. The recovery mission is over lapped in many areas by the response mission. Four Foundations of Homeland Security The National Strategy for Homeland Security has defined four foundations of homeland security. These foundations are; law, science and technology, information sharing and systems, and international cooperation. Each of these play a key part in providing for our national security. Identification and enforcement of the law. We have to know exactly what we are enforcing. Use of science and technology in each of the four critical mission areas. Information sharing was something various government agencies were not very effective at prior to 9/11. Since then Homeland Security has been working on removing many of the communication silos that were prevalent in the past. By open communication with several agencies overall effectiveness is improved. International cooperation is the final of the four foundations that has to be built upon. With terrorist moving from nation to nation and planning many of the attacks from foreign soil we have to work with all nations. International borders have to be permeable in today’s war on terror. Virginia Office of Commonwealth Preparedness The Commonwealth of Virginia has their own Department of Homeland Security. In Virginia it is called The Office of Commonwealth Preparedness. This office mirror many of the processes and objectives of the United States Department of Homeland Security. The Office of Commonwealth Preparedness works to make sure that all of the residents and businesses of the Commonwealth are safe, secure and prepared. Criminal Law and Civil Law Criminal Law and Civil Law are very different types of proceedings. Civil Law is usually a case between tow individuals or business entities. Criminal Law is a case between a person and a government. Civil Law In Civil Law a person is involved in litigation with another person or business. These are usually divorce cases, law suits due to injury at a place of business, or bankruptcy cases. Civil law never involves incarceration of either party because of the civil proceedings. There are some Civil cases that may become criminal cases. Stalking a spouse you are involved in a civil divorce proceeding with will lead to criminal charges being filed against the stalker. Civil law will never result in the incarceration of the guilty party. Fines in a Civil Law case are often paid to the other party in the proceeding. Criminal Law In Criminal Law there is a crime committed against society, or that endangers society by the action. Murder is a Criminal Law case. Although there may be only one victim the perpetrator of the criminal act may do so again. Therefore, society must be protected from this person. Driving while intoxicated is also a criminal law case. Even though no member of society may have been harmed by the act of driving under the influence. There was a danger posed to society by the act of driving under the influence. Criminal law cases may result in incarceration or probation of the guilty party. Fines judged in a Criminal Law case are paid to the governing body prosecuting the case. Incarceration for Misdemeanor Crimes The main difference in the two types of crimes misdemeanor and felony is the amount of possible incarceration if convicted. A felony is a more serious crime and if convicted the accused could be sentenced to incarceration for a term greater than one year or death. Misdemeanor crimes are less serious offences and if convicted will result in incarceration of less than a year if at all. I do not think those convicted of a misdemeanor should be incarcerated unless the person demonstrated no willingness to be rehabilitated through other means. Running a red light is a misdemeanor. Incarcerating this person for a period of time will serve no purpose in rehabilitation. The only outcome in this incarceration would be increase cost to the taxpayer of the community and increased crowding of jails. This accused will probably learn their lesson by paying a fine and undergoing a traffic safety class. The penalty of the crime will drive a lesson home to the accused. The taking a class will increase the general safety of the public. The current volume of cases on our court systems and the high cost of incarceration forces us to take a more lenient approach for misdemeanor crimes. Many in society would rather a person creating a danger to the public be off the streets rather than someone convicted of running a traffic light or petty theft. The penalty should be designed to make restitution and lead to rehabilitation of the accused. When we balance the crime with the penalty then we can have a better society. Bibliography Homeland Security. (2008). Department of Homeland Security. One Team, One Mission, Securing our Homeland. Retrieved 20 March 2009, from, http://www. dhs. gov/xlibrary/assets/DHS_StratPlan_FINAL_spread. pdf

Margaret Sanger and the Fight for Birth Control Essay -- Contraceptives

Margaret's quest began long before she was known by the public. It started when she was just a young girl. As with most children, her parents were a large influence on her life, but in a way different than perhaps many others. Margaret's father provided her with all the mental tools she would need to succeed. A free thinker and outspoken radical, her father, Michael Higgins, influenced his young daughter to act the same way; to question everything and to stand up for what she believed in. Though Margaret loved her mother, she conceded that definetly her father was the major influence in her early life. Her mother however also had a large influence, yet not in quite the same way. Anna Sanger bore ten children other than Margaret, causing her to be both constantly pregnant and constantly sick, leaving little time for her children. Thus Margaret and her siblings were constantly forced to care for themselves. Anna died at an early age to TB which Margaret attributed to her multiple pregn ancies. It was then that she decided to become a nurse and start helping pregnant women. Working as a nurse in the ghettos of New York, Sanger became all too familiar with some horrible sights. She saw many women die of very preventable deaths due to child labor, and horrible methods of self-induced abortion. After seeing one woman die from a horrific attempt to give herself an abortion Sanger had decided that she had seen enough. It was too late for her to help these women when they came to her as a nurse. She felt she must attack the source of the problem, birth control. She stated, "I went to bed, knowing that no matter what it might cost, I was finished with palliatives and superficial cures; I was resolved to seek out the root of evil, to do s... ...re apt to accept the concept of birth control, if not completely embracing the idea. Her actions challenged the traditional way of thought and introduced concepts that shifted the course of American society. Works Cited 1. Coigney, Virginia. Margaret Sanger New York: Doubleday, 1969. 2. Gray, Madeline. Margaret Sanger: A Biography Of The Champion of Birth Control. New York: Richard Marek Publishers, 1979. 3. Kennedy, David. Birth Control in America : The Career of Margaret Sanger Boston: Yale Universtiy Press, 1970. 4. Marshall, John M.D. Catholics, Marriage and Contraceptions New York: Heligon Press 1965. 5. Parrish, Michael. Anxious Decades. W. W. Norton: New York, 1992. 6. Sanger, Margaret. Margaret Sanger, An Auto-Biography New York: Dover Publications, 1971. 7. Sanger, Margaret. My Fight For Birth Control. Farrar & RineHart: New York, 1931.

Oncologist paper :: treating cancer

Classification of cancer determines appropriate treatment and helps determine the prognosis. Cancer develops progressively from an alteration in a cell’s genetic structure due to mutations, to cells with uncontrolled growth patterns. Classification is m e according to the site of origin, histology (or cell analysis; called grading), and the extent of the disease (called staging). Site of Origin This classification describes the type of tissue in which the cancer cells begin to develop. Here are some common examples of site of origin classification: Adenocarcinoma – originates in glandular tissue Blastoma – originates in embryonic tissue of organs Carcinoma – originates in epithelial tissue (i.e., tissue that lines organs and tubes) Leukemia – originates in tissues that form blood cells Lymphoma – originates in lymphatic tissue Myeloma – originates in bone marrow Sarcoma – originates in connective or supportive tissue (e.g., bone, cartilage, muscle) Grading Grading involves examining tumor cells that have been obtained through biopsy under a microscope. The abnormality of the cells determines the grade of the cancer. Increasing abnormality increases the grade, from 1 – 4. Cells that are well differentiated losely resemble mature, specialized cells. Cells that are undifferentiated are highly abnormal, that is, immature and primitive. Grade 1 Cells slightly abnormal and well differentiated Grade 2 Cells more abnormal and moderately differentiated Grade 3 Cells very abnormal and poorly differentiated Grade 4 Cells immature and undifferentiated Staging Staging is the classification of the extent of the disease. There are several types of staging methods. The tumor, node, metastases (TNM) system classifies cancer by tumor size (T), the degree of regional spread or node involvement (N), and distant meta asis (M). Tumor (T) T0 No evidence of tumor Tis Carcinoma in situ (limited to surface cells) T1–4 Increasing tumor size and involvement Node (N) N0 No lymph node involvement N1–4 Increasing degrees of lymph node involvement Nx Lymph node involvement cannot be assessed Metastases (M) M0 No evidence of distant metastases M1 Evidence of distant metastases A numerical system also is used to classify the extent of disease. Stage 0 Cancer in situ (limited to surface cells) Stage I Cancer limited to the tissue of origin, evidence of tumor growth Stage II Limited local spread of cancerous cells Stage III Extensive local and regional spread Stage IV Distant metastasis A doctor who specialises in treating cancer. A clinical oncologist, or radiotherapist, specialises in treating cancer with radiation, and a medical oncologist specialises in treating cancer with drugs.

Reverend Parris Character Analysis; Practice What You Preach

Reverend Samuel Parris was a selfish, power-hungry, and greedy man. Parris believed that everyone was beneath him and that they all owed him something in some way. When the Salem Witch Trials began Reverend Parris believed the girls rather than listen to Rebecca Nurse, who says, â€Å"I think She’ll (Betty Parris) wake when she tires of it. † Referring to the fact that Betty was faking her bewitched sleep, to save his name and title. Even Arthur Miller claims that there was little good to be said about Reverend Parris.Arthur Miller says at the beginning of act one, â€Å"†¦ He (Parris) believed he was being persecuted wherever he went, despite his best efforts to win people and God to his side. In meetings, he felt insulted if someone rose to shut the door without first asking his permission. † As if he believed just deserved the respect of the people. Reverend Samuel Parris just believes that what he does immediately gives him power and that makes him blind to the truth.The way Arthur Miller wrote about Reverend Parris turned him into an ungodly and power-hungry man. During the play Parris goes from being worried about his daughter to arguing with Giles Corry about his firewood and how he deserves to get it for free even with his sixty pounds a year that he gets paid plus the six he gets for firewood. â€Å"The salary is sixty-six pounds, Mr. Proctor! I’m not some preaching farmer with a book under my arm. † Says Mr. Parris, only proving my point on how much power he believes he has or deserves.Arthur Miller even says in the beginning of act one how â€Å"very little good can be said about Reverend Samuel Parris. † He makes Parris out to be a dictator as well as a selfish man. Arthur Miller, again says in the first few paragraphs of act one, says, â€Å"He (Reverend Parris) believed he was being persecuted wherever he went, despite his best efforts to win people and god on his side. In meetings, he feels insulted if someone rose to shut the door without first asking his permission. †Showing how Mr.  Parris believed he was being persecuted wherever he went, despite his best effort to win people and God at his side. In meetings, he felt insulted if someone rose to shut the door without first asking his permission. † Showing how Mr. Parris believed he deserved that respect. Arthur Miller must have had some grudge against Reverend Parris for how he made him out to be; nevertheless this is what he was. Reverend Samuel Parris believed himself (something of a king or high authority) above everyone else in Sale. As I read I saw how selfish Reverend Parris was.For example, during the first act, and I’ve mentioned this before, Reverend Parris got into an argument with Giles Corry about how since he was the Minister of Salem that he should get his firewood for free and that sixty-six pounds a year was barely enough to live on. To that Giles said,†You are allowed six pounds a year to buy your firewood Mr. Parris. † Which Parris then turned into an argument on how when he worked in Barbados for more than he was working for now, and how they were lucky to have him at such a â€Å"low† salary.All of this arguing about wood was going on Right after everyone being worried about Parris’s daughter, Betty, who was believed to be under a spell. But I digress Mr. Parris was believing his fantasy that he was a good preacher and that everyone should respect him for that. Another thing I noticed, later in the play, was how much he cared about his reputation. He was all too eager to assume witchcraft and call on Reverend Hale, for me to believe he was worried about Betty.In the play, other people saw Reverend Parris in much the same way, selfish and greedy. John Proctor gave the biggest example, when he was talking to hale in act 2, after Hale told him, â€Å"Mr. Proctor, your house is not a church; your theology must tell you that. † John Proctor said, â€Å"It does sir; and it tells me that a minister may pray to god without he have golden candlesticks upon his alter. † He then went on to explain how Parris had preached about nothing but golden candlesticks until he got them, yet another example of Reverend Parris’s greed.As for selfishness, this one is obvious, first, his thought that he should get free firewood, and then not long after that one he says, â€Å"Man! Don’t a minister deserve a house to live in? † for not long before the play he had requested, â€Å"demanded† is how Giles Corry would put it, the deed to the house he was given for being the minister. And Proctor despises Reverend Parris’s Sermons for the fact that they always end up more about Hell than Heaven, he even says at one point, â€Å"Can you speak one minute without we land in Hell again?I’m sick of hell! † Reverend Parris’s actions prove everything other people in the town think. He is selfish, greedy, and power-hungry. The time he wanted golden candlesticks, he preached about them until they were given to him. When he realized that Betty was ill, rather than find a doctor, he immediately believed, and acted upon this belief that she was under a spell. He then proceeded to force Abigail, his niece, to tell him who forced them to do what they did in the forest despite her telling him that all they did was dance.The incident with the firewood and the house deed continues to show how very greedy and selfish Reverend Parris is. Even at the beginning of the play it shows how he would rather let the sin that all the girls committed go, than risk causing his house to be seen as part of said sin. This later leads to the Salem Witch Trials, because of his forcing the girls to tell him who forced them to do something that they did of their own accord. Parris was supposed to be a trusting and Godly man; his actions throughout the play don not depict him as such.Revere nd Samuel Parris was a selfish and greedy man hungry for as much power as he can get, who was blind to what was going on around him. His belief was that everyone in Salem owed him something, golden candlesticks, firewood, the deed to his house, which was in truth the house to the minister of Salem until he leaves that office, etc. showing his selfishness and greediness. During the introduction into the first act even Arthur miller says that Parris had very little good about him. My overall point to this is this, Practice what you preach, which as obviously seen, Mr. Paris failed.

Caterpillar Case Essay Example

Caterpillar Case Essay Example Caterpillar Case Paper Caterpillar Case Paper Caterpillar Case Analysis EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS Global. In 1915, the British military invented the armor tank and modeled it after Benjamin Holt’s steam tractor, Caterpillar. Also during World War I, the United States and its allies used Holt’s track-type tractors to haul artillery and supply wagons. Shortly after it formation, during World War II, Caterpillar served as the primary supplier of bulldozers to the US Army. Although it was a successful company for many years, for three consecutive years, 1982-1984 it had lost $1 million a day. This was partially caused by tough global competitive challenge and the collapse of the international markets. Sociocultural / Demographic. Instead of focusing on large clients like multinational engineering and construction firms, Cat began marketing to a new category of customers like small scale owner operators and contractors. Developing nations in Latin America, Asia and Eastern Europe were a big part of Cat’s sales, accounting for 23% of total company sales. These countries have a strong demand for Cat’s equipment since they are undergoing development. Also, Caterpillar entered the market for rental equipment. Another sociocultural phenomenon that affected Caterpillar and other companies was the rise of unionization across America and their ability to make changes in a company’s structure. Legal / Political. Caterpillar faces the policies and laws of many governments because of its heavy involvement in the international markets. High tariffs and taxes have a negative impact of foreign transaction. The company also faced legal challenges as the United Auto Workers Union (UAW) filed numerous charges with the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) in claiming that Caterpillar had unfair labor practices. Economic. Unfavorable currency exchange rates were one of the leading causes of Caterpillar’s loses during 1982-1984. The steep rise in the value of the dollar (relative to Yen and other currencies) made US exports more expensive abroad and US imports cheaper at home. The strong dollar was a major part of reduced sales and earnings for Cat. On the other hand, the steady growth for construction machinery since 1945 came to an end in 1980. As highway construction slowed down, oil prices depressed the global market of mining, logging, and pipe laying equipment as the global recession began. Technological. The heavy construction equipment industry supplied engineering firms, construction companies, and mine operators. The industry typical lines included earthmovers (bulldozers, loaders, and excavators), road building machines (pavers, motor graders, and mixers), mining related equipment (off-highway trucks, mining shovels), and large cranes. On a global basis, earthmoving equipment counted for about half of industry’s total sales in the 1990’s. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS Barriers to Entry. The barriers include diversification, economies of scale, marketing and distribution, and alliances. New companies in the industry must diversify their product lines to compete with the multinational companies. A barrier to entry is the need to achieve economies of scale. According to the case, the optimal scale of operation was approximately 90,000 units annually. The typical amount of global sales per year in 1997 was 200,000 to 300,000. This low number of annual sales further intensified competition over market share. Lastly, manufacturers built alliances because of intense competition over market share. This included full scale joint ventures to share production, technology sharing agreements between equipment manufacturers and engine makers, and technology sharing alliances between major global firms and local manufacturers. Power of Buyers. The power of buyers in this industry is fairly strong. The buyers have the options available to pick what type of machinery they need whether it is a new machine or replacement parts. The buyers have the advantage of stiff competition between retailers which drives prices down. The buyers in developing countries have less power because the equipment retailers know there is higher demand for machinery in developing nations. The buyer has the option to buy an entire new machine or keep the same machine but purchase replacement parts. Power of Suppliers. Under a new policy created, â€Å"shopping around the world,† Caterpillar chose to outsource 80% parts and components from low-cost suppliers who maintained high quality standards. There was the risk a supplier may refuse to work with Caterpillar or charge excessively high prices. With vertical integration, Caterpillar would make sure its products were made of the highest quality by branding the final products. Product Substitutes. The heavy machinery industry is not worried about substitute products or services from outside industries. The equipment sold is made for the purpose of earthmoving or construction jobs. No other substitute product will do this job effectively. Competitive Environment Analysis. This industry is highly competitive. Caterpillar’s major competitors were Komatsu, John Deere, and CNH Global. However its direct competitor and rival was the Japanese giant, Komatsu. Komatsu was challenging Cat by gaining advantage in the Latin America and European, and the U. S. markets instead of only remaining in Asia. It launched a massive drive to improve quality while reducing costs. Komatsu achieved a 50 percent labor productivity advantage over Caterpillar, and in turn, underpriced Caterpillar’s products by as much as a 30 percent. The result was devastating as Komatsu’s market share doubled to 25 percent between 1979 and 1984 as Caterpillar’s fell by almost a quarter to 43 percent. Under George Schaefer’s direction, Caterpillar focused on the important functions of the company like purchasing, manufacturing, marketing, personnel, and labor relations. Its sales more than doubled to that of Komatsu’s in 1989 as a result of these improvements. RESOURCES: TANGIBLE Physical. Caterpillar is a heavy construction equipment firm with a product line of earthmovers (bulldozers, loaders, excavators), road building machines (pavers, motor graders, and mixers), mining related equipment (off-highway trucks, mining shovels), and large cranes. The company was broken down into 17 semi-autonomous divisions, 13 responsible for products (tractors engines, etc. ), and 4 for services. In 1999, 207 independent dealers served Caterpillar, 63 of who were stationed in the US and 144 abroad. Caterpillar purchased the Mak Company- a German maker of engines for power generations (1996) and Britain’s Perkins Engines, a manufacturer of engines for compact construction machinery. With the purchase of Perkins Engines, Caterpillar obtained Perkins’ best-selling engine that powered the skid loader. Financial. Cat’s sales grew over $15 billion in the first half of the 1990s due to reorganization and cutting back on managers. Fites purchased the Mak Company, a German engine maker. This purchase helped increase the sale of engines by 20 percent each year from 1995 to 1999. In addition, in 1998 Fites also bought the British company, Perkins Engines with $ 1. 3 billion. â€Å"The new acquisition contributed to Caterpillar’s efforts to increase its share in the small equipment market, which was growing at a rate of 10 percent a year†. By 2010, Cat’s engine sales were expected to exceed $14 billion. In 1998, Fites agreed to sign a contract agreement concerning changing policies of employee’s wages. Fites wanted to retain relations between the company and employees by enforcing flexible working hours and competitive wages. By 2000, Cat entered into a joint venture with DaimlerChrysler to explore the medium duty engine market. By the end of 2000, Cat’s sales and revenues reached $20 billion, which generated $1 billion in profit. Organizational. Caterpillars outsourced product manufacturing while maintaining high quality standards by choosing to keep product design in house. By keeping control over the design of many of its outsourced products, Caterpillar managed to keep in-house design capability and ensure quality control. When Schaefer came up with the plant modernization program, â€Å"Plant With A Future,† it combined just-in-time inventory techniques, a factory automation scheme, a network of computerized machine tools, and a flexible manufacturing system. Caterpillar reconfigured the layout of its manufacturing plants flexible work â€Å"cells. Workers would use computerized machine tools to perform several manufacturing steps in sequence, processing components from start to finish and sending them â€Å"just in time† to an assembly area. To reduce material handling the company used an automated electrified monorail which delivered parts to storage and assembly areas, traveling on a long aluminum track throughout the modernized plant. Managers were given control over the speed of the line. However, the managers empowered production workers to change the speed of the assembly line at will to better suit the needs of the workers. Under Fites control, he chose divisional structure instead of functional and broke down the company into 17 semi-autonomous divisions or â€Å"profit centers;† 13 responsible for products and 4 for services. With this new divisional structure, Caterpillar cut 10,000 jobs in three years between 1990 and 1993. This new reorganization plan also affected the company’s distribution network. For example, dealers began to contact the 17 product and service-profit centers directly. With 22 distribution centers, Caterpillar serviced 500,000 different parts, keeping over 300,000 in stock and manufacturing on demand. RESOURCES: INTANGIBLE Human Resources. Caterpillar’s intangible resources include its top leadership and its network of distribution. After the company suffered huge losses in 1984, its CEO George Schaefer was largely responsible for the turnaround of the company in the years 1985-1990. The CEO that followed Schaefer, Donald Fites, has also played a big role in the company’s continued growth and competitiveness. Another intangible resource of Caterpillar is the relationship with its network of distribution centers. Many of Caterpillar’s dealerships were privately owned and sold Caterpillar products independently. Caterpillar maintained these relationships by actively encouraging dealers to keep the business in their families and by running various seminars and regular conferences. They have also taken steps to protect their dealers by offering discounts and helping reduce dealer costs. Reputation. Caterpillar maintained a strong reputation amongst its customers. Caterpillar has been an industry leader and prime provider of heavy equipment for the US government during WWII. Due to its longevity, Caterpillar has built a strong reputation by maintaining a strong brand name. Caterpillar is also known for their service and their close relationships with their customers. By striving to provide quick repairs and replacement parts to customers to avoid downtime, they have maintained a reputation for their great service. Caterpillar currently remains an industry leader in all aspects of their business. Innovation. In 1904, the Holt company (which later became Caterpillar) was the first to put a gasoline engine on a tractor to replace the heavy steam engine. Caterpillar has also shown great innovation in their information technology. They developed an electronic alert information system under Donald Fites that monitored machines remotely and identified parts that needed replaced them before they broke down or failed. Caterpillar has also honed the operation processes of their plants by taking innovative ideas from their Japanese competitor Komatsu and developing them further. In the case of the plant at Grenoble in France, the assembly time for machines was cut down from between 8 to 20 days to just 3 days. VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS Marketing Sales. Cat marketed its products mostly through dealerships all over the world. The network consisted of mainly independent dealers. In 1999, there were 63 dealers in the US, 144 dealers outside the US, 382 brand stores in the US, and 1122 brand stores outside the US. These dealers worked closely with their customers which were mainly large, multinational companies. They generated 100 percent of their revenues through selling and supporting Cat’s products. A dealership of Cat products generated $150 million annual sales in 1996 while large dealerships generated up to $1 billion. Under the policy of George Schaefer, Cat began to expand their target market to smaller scale businesses in the 80’s and started outsourcing their products. Under the leadership of Fites, Cat promoted guaranteed 48 hours delivery of parts anywhere in the world with the help of vast computer network and distribution channels. Operations. After the crisis in the 1980s, George Schaefer made big changes to the operation system of Cat. He set the company’s goal to outsource 80 percent of the product’s parts and components while the other 20 percent of product’s parts and components were to be produced by Cat. The assembling channel was to be controlled by Cat in order to ensure product’s high quality. George Schaefer also initialized changes to the company’s assembling channel and system. The batch production system was changed to a cellular manufacturing system. Under cellular manufacturing, parts and components of a product were put together in one assembling channel. Also, the automated electrified monorail delivered parts and components to needed areas. In addition, computerized assembling systems cut the costs of storing, controlling and fixing inventories. HRM. Caterpillar has had some difficulty with their human resource management. Strikes in the early 1980s organized by worker unions contributed to the company’s heavy losses. Under George Schaefer, Caterpillar implemented the Employee Satisfaction Process to help please the unions. However, under the leadership of Donald Fites, relationships with the unions faltered. Fites was very stern when it came to cutting costs. He pushed for lower wages and more control of Caterpillar by the management rather than the unions. This resulted in various strikes against Caterpillar, for which Fites was prepared. The poor relationships with employees and the union caused increased dissatisfaction and a higher number of grievances being filed. Fites eliminated the Employee Satisfaction Program due to tensions with the unions. Service. Caterpillar used a worldwide network of dealerships to sell machines, provide support, and offer after sales service. Dealers in need of assistance could contact any of the 17 product and service profit-centers directly. Caterpillar also worked directly with dealerships to conduct surveys to improve its service and parts delivery. In the 1990s, 90,000 survey forms were sent out through the dealers with a response rate of 40 percent. Caterpillar’s service guaranteed a 48-hour delivery time. Company Technology. Caterpillar started out very technologically advanced. Benjamin Holt created a tractor named â€Å"Caterpillar† that utilized a gasoline engine instead of a heavy steam engine. The Caterpillar tractor solved farmer’s problems of wheels sinking in moist soil. Holt then acquired the â€Å"Caterpillar† trade mark and applied it across other various machines his company sold. Caterpillar was the first to introduce a diesel engine on a moving vehicle in 1931 and began to focus on production of road-building, construction, logging, and pipe laying equipment. The company’s technology was advanced enough to create the DC10 bulldozer which became Caterpillar’s signature item for a decade. It was 15 feet tall, 73 tons, $500,000 and had no competitors. But demand for this product dwindled as demand for highway construction projects shrank. Cat’s technology and equipment have been used to reconstruct Europe, build the US interstate highway system, erect the giant dams of the world, and lay out the major airports of the world. Caterpillar also pioneered a new electronic alert information system under Fites. The new system monitored machines remotely and identified parts which needed to be replaced before they failed. The new system was designed to help dealers repair machines before they broke down and provide Caterpillar and related dealers to cut inventory costs. OUTSOURCING Formerly, Caterpillar was vertically integrated and relied heavily on in-house production. Caterpillar self-produced two-thirds of its parts and components. The company also assembled nearly all finished machines. Caterpillar began a new policy called â€Å"Shopping Around the World†. Within this policy, the company looked for low-cost suppliers who maintained high quality standards. Caterpillar’s goal was to outsource 80 percent of its parts and components. Caterpillar took advantage of its superior marketing organization and began to purchase final products for resale under its own brand name. In the mid-1980s, Caterpillar purchased lift trucks from a Norwegian company, hydraulic excavators from a West German manufacturer, paving machines from an Oklahoma corporation, off-highway trucks from a British firm, and logging equipment from a Canadian company. Caterpillar resold them all under their name. Caterpillar made sure, however, to outsource product manufacturing but not product design. This allowed Caterpillar to manage in-house design capability and ensure quality control. CORE COMPETENCIES Caterpillar has several areas in which it was superior to its competition that allowed it to stay competitive and profitable over the years. First, Caterpillar’s research and development has always been superb and the company had top of the line technology for which it was known for. Second, Caterpillar had built strong relations with its distribution network which was its main advantage over its competition. Its distribution network was honed by strong marketing practices of Donald Fites. Third, Caterpillar provided superior customer service. They strived to reduce downtime for the customer was another core competency of Caterpillar, and gave it advantage over its competitors. COMPETETIVE DYNAMICS In 1904, Benjamin Holt was the first one to remodel the original tractors with gasoline engine in order to make it lighter and more efficient. In 1931 Caterpillar was the first to introduce a diesel engine vehicle. In late 1970s Komatsu adopted just-in-time inventory techniques and flexible manufacturing system. Caterpillar later in 1986 also adopted the two just-in-time inventory system and the â€Å"quick change over tooling† technique. BUSINESS LEVEL STRATEGY Caterpillar’s Business Level Strategy consisted of a mixture of Integrated Low-Cost/Differentiation Strategy. As it started its global outsourcing strategy, it became a low-cost leader because it reduced its in-house building of parts and made them cheaper by building them elsewhere. This outsourcing strategy combined with their joint ventures for sharing technological advances and a global dealership distribution differentiate Caterpillar as the most diversified and innovative company in the industry. SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths Reputation and Brand Name The first strength of Caterpillar is that they had a very strong brand name. They are currently the world’s biggest manufacturer of earthmoving machinery, construction and mining equipment. During the 1950s and 1960s, Caterpillar was the uncontested leader of the heavy construction equipment industry and had the market share in sales of said equipment. They were also known for their superior customer service because they provided 48-hour equipment repair and replacements to reduce costly downtime. Due to the fact that they have been in business for so long and their strong customer support, they have established a strong brand name and are recognized throughout the world. Distribution and Dealer Network The second strength of Caterpillar is its worldwide distribution system. Caterpillar had a strong and efficient system of worldwide distribution. Caterpillar maintained strong relationships with its network of 207 independent worldwide dealers. Each dealership generated $150 million in average revenue annually in 1996 and several of the large dealerships generated up to $1 billion. Caterpillar took care of its dealers by maintaining close personal relationships with them. The company CEO Donald Fites mentioned that Caterpillar’s distribution system was their biggest advantage over its competitors, primarily Komatsu. Superior Technology and Research and Development Caterpillar had a superior worldwide computer network system linking together factories, distribution centers, dealers and large customers. Due to this network, Caterpillar had the most comprehensive and fastest part delivery system in the industry and was able to promise its customers 48 hour delivery of parts anywhere in the world. Another technological strength Caterpillar possessed was their electronic alert information system. This system was designed to monitor machines remotely and helped identify parts that needed replacement or repair before they broke down reducing downtime. Caterpillar also had strong research and development capability and was a leader of technological innovation in the industry. They were the first company to introduce a diesel engine on a moving vehicle in 1931. Using research and development, Caterpillar improved the operation process of their plants. For example, in Grenoble, France, the assembly time for machines was cut down from 28-8 days to just 3 days. The superior technology and research and development of Caterpillar was a major strength for them. Weaknesses Relationships with worker unions and employees Throughout the company history, Caterpillar had problems with employee and union relationships. Caterpillar has had a poor relationship with the worker unions in an attempt to increase its flexibility and reduce union influence. Caterpillar experienced numerous strikes, including a 205 day strike in 1982 which was the longest company-wide work stoppage in the UAW history. CEO George Schaefer was successful at mending relationships with the workers and implemented the Employee Satisfaction System. However, this system deteriorated later under CEO Donald Fites. After the deterioration, company grievances have significantly increased. Opportunities Emerging Markets There were opportunities for Caterpillar to increase sales in emerging markets. There are many developing nations that do not have a fully developed infrastructure thus creating a demand for Caterpillar earthmoving products. Also, some of these developing countries such as China and India are experiencing annual growth of 7-8%, and thus have a strong demand for the equipment Caterpillar provides. New Energy Technology There is opportunity for Caterpillar to gain a large market share in the new energy markets. The world is moving to the direction of cleaner energy sources and Caterpillar is moving in the same direction. For example in 2001, only 10% of Caterpillar’s generators were powered by natural gas. In 2011 however, their use of natural gas generators is projected to increase to 50%. Threats Sensitivity to economic factors The demand for Caterpillar products heavily relies on various economic factors. Some of these factors are foreign exchange rates. When the dollar trengthens in relation to foreign currency, it makes Caterpillar products more expensive in the foreign markets thus decreasing demand. Also, the demand for earth moving equipment is heavily dependent on world events such as wars and economic crises, which may lower demand. Legal issues The United Auto Workers union filed charges against Caterpillar to the National Labor Relations Board. There were 400 â€Å"unfair labor p ractice† charges filed and this could negatively affect Caterpillar’s bottom line by increasing legal costs and create future losses. PROBLEMS E-commerce is currently playing an important role in today’s global marketplace. Caterpillar is faced with a choice to participate or to be left behind if they do not. If Caterpillar chooses to sell its equipment online, it can hurt the distribution network by taking away some of the networks business. This can severely undermine Caterpillar’s position as a global market share leader. If Caterpillar does not participate in E-Commerce, they risk a competitor gaining a competitive advantage over Caterpillar. As a multinational firm, Caterpillar faces numerous tariffs, policies and laws of different governments. Also, its inconsistent labor relations and their deteriorating relationship with their employees can limit its flexibility. Another problem Caterpillar faces is the lack of consistent upper-level leadership. They have had 3 different CEO’s in the past 20 years and each CEO has made inconsistent decisions in regards to certain policies such as labor. STRATEGIC COMPETITIVENESS Caterpillar should use its superior Research and Development to focus on new product development in the new clean energy sector. They should also take advantage of emerging markets by increasing their brand presence in developing countries. Caterpillar should not fully convert to e-commerce. However, they should use the power of the internet to market themselves and limit search cost for its customers. Caterpillar should works with its dealers to slowly intergrade the internet with their marketing strategy. Caterpillar should mend its relations with its employees by re-inventing its Employee Satisfaction Program and allowing for their voices to be heard. This will help mend relationships with the United Workers Association as well. Caterpillar needs to establish a strong leader and hire competent management to help mend labor relations and manage the company. They should encourage its employees to climb the corporate ladder into upper leadership positions. EPILOGUE In 2004, James Owens replaced Glenn Barton as CEO, and in 2010, Douglas Oberhelman became CEO and is currently still in office. In 2011, Caterpillar recognized a 41% increase in revenue from 2010, and an 82% increase in total earnings. Earnings have been mostly growing in the last 10 years. This is attributed in the company’s annual report to three different factors: a reorganization of strategic businesses, a new Enterprise Strategy that brought renewed focus to customer-service and expansions that included the acquisitions of Electro-Motive Diesel, Inc. , MWM Holding GmbH and Bucyrus International, Inc. Cat made its global diversification stronger by completing these acquisitions. Currently, Caterpillar is the leader in its industry market. It is currently leading all of its major competitors in almost every area like revenues, net income, market cap, assets and etc.

Free Essays on Socrates- Euthyphro

In Euthyphro, just like in the Apology, Socrates is once again found defending himself. In both texts Socrates uses cross-examination as a means to proving his innocence and discovering the â€Å"truth.† In this text, Socrates is trying to define the meanings of pious and impious. Socrates, who is always in search of discovering some sort of â€Å"truth†, relies on the great theologian, Euthyphro. Socrates, at this point in time, is on trial for corrupting the minds of the youth and claiming that there are new gods trying to convince others that the old gods no longer exist. Socrates figured that during the trial Meletus would have to charge the both of them instead of just him alone. Euthyphro, who is considered a faultless power of his time, is in the process of prosecuting his own father. This is what sparks the interest of Socrates to persuade Euthyphro to educate him about the difference between piety and impiety. Socrates informs Euthyphro that he believes that he is a man of knowledge, but continues to question him. Euthyphro responds to the questions proposed by Socrates who in the next breath informs him that he is inaccurate. His sense and knowledge of piety has now been questioned leaving Euthyphro with a sense of uncertainty. Socrates uses cross-examination and logic to defend himself against Meletus during the trial. Socrates cross-examines Meletus and interrogates him by asking (I think more of implying) if he teaches false theology that can and eventually will corrupt the impressionable minds of the youth. He also tags on to that question who improves them? Meletus responds that Socrates is responsible for corrupting the minds of the youth and everyone improves them. Socrates defends himself by saying that he would never want to live amongst a population full of damage and harm. If he were to corrupt the minds of the youth he would be bringing harm towards them, therefore contradicting what he stated earl... Free Essays on Socrates- Euthyphro Free Essays on Socrates- Euthyphro In Euthyphro, just like in the Apology, Socrates is once again found defending himself. In both texts Socrates uses cross-examination as a means to proving his innocence and discovering the â€Å"truth.† In this text, Socrates is trying to define the meanings of pious and impious. Socrates, who is always in search of discovering some sort of â€Å"truth†, relies on the great theologian, Euthyphro. Socrates, at this point in time, is on trial for corrupting the minds of the youth and claiming that there are new gods trying to convince others that the old gods no longer exist. Socrates figured that during the trial Meletus would have to charge the both of them instead of just him alone. Euthyphro, who is considered a faultless power of his time, is in the process of prosecuting his own father. This is what sparks the interest of Socrates to persuade Euthyphro to educate him about the difference between piety and impiety. Socrates informs Euthyphro that he believes that he is a man of knowledge, but continues to question him. Euthyphro responds to the questions proposed by Socrates who in the next breath informs him that he is inaccurate. His sense and knowledge of piety has now been questioned leaving Euthyphro with a sense of uncertainty. Socrates uses cross-examination and logic to defend himself against Meletus during the trial. Socrates cross-examines Meletus and interrogates him by asking (I think more of implying) if he teaches false theology that can and eventually will corrupt the impressionable minds of the youth. He also tags on to that question who improves them? Meletus responds that Socrates is responsible for corrupting the minds of the youth and everyone improves them. Socrates defends himself by saying that he would never want to live amongst a population full of damage and harm. If he were to corrupt the minds of the youth he would be bringing harm towards them, therefore contradicting what he stated earl...

Character Analysis Essays

Character Analysis Essays Character Analysis Essay Character Analysis Essay Essay Topic: The Book Of the City Of Ladies Character Analysis Introduction Margaret Atwood’s Oryx and Crake is a publication that majorly deals with the idea of genetics and its role in human existence. The setting is in apocalyptic world where the first surviving human life is introduced to the reader and is commonly referred to as the Snowman. Atwood heavily uses a recursive storyline that oscillates between the annihilated lifestyle caused by genetic miscalculations and therefore the destruction and the former world that is now a historical thought embedded on Snowman’s memory. The Snowman is the narrator and protagonist in the publication. Thereby through his flashbacks on the civil world that he existed as a human known as Jimmy, the other characters are developed (Atwood, 2003). We learn that the biological disaster has been caused by Crake, Jimmy’s best ally, and their involvement with the mystifying female, Oryx, which adds an intricate detail in the plot. Jimmy’s father is treated as a minor character in the novel and hi s role may be treated as a trivial element as he only appears in minimal cites in the first chapters only to disappear like the rest of civilization without a trace. Nevertheless, after careful analysis, we realize that the Jimmy’s father is very significant to the novel’s foundation, as he acts as the reconciliatory factor for the whole story. Analysis Jimmy’s dad is introduced in the novel in the second chapter (Atwood, 2003). He is an employee of the OrganInc Farms holding the position of a genographer, meaning a hereditary engineer. His wife is also an employee within the same firm and they only have a single child, Jimmy. Jimmy’s father is proud to be associated with his workplace majorly as a secure place from the unfortunate human populace dwelling outside the fortified company. The society at the given time is brought out as undergoing cataclysmic effects of industrialization that effectually has created radiation gaps within the earth’s protective atmosphere that has numerous harmful effects on life. The heat waves have caused polar melts increasing the levels of oceanic catchments and this has led to numerous floods within the globe. Inversely, other regions experience the enhancement of wastelands and famines due to reduced rainfall caused by weather changes. The life outside the genetic station consi sts of an impoverished lifestyle marked by high levels of crime, maladies, and urban spillage. Contrastingly, the scientific settlement is a fortified city consisting of wealthy individuals that have consistent refuge as evidenced by the CorpSeCorps who operate the facility. This contrast accords a basis for the social theme concerning the gap distinctly marking the affluent from the poor in the society. The theme is tied down to biotechnology through the scientific community and it is therefore thought of as a possible economic and social consequence of genetics (Bloom 101). Just like the settlement fortification acts as the safety measure against the ailing society and its issues, the father’s position as a genographer acts as the safeguard for Jimmy’s life and existence up to the destruction period. It is quite evident that the safe compound was off limits for individuals other than the scientists. Had Jimmy and his family dwelt in the ailing world, then the highest probability would be that they would have died just like the rest. Therefore, Jimmy’s fa ther plays a significant role in the preservation of Jimmy’s life through his career positioning. This is very pertinent to the story since without Jimmy, there would be no narrator and ultimately no story to tell. The critical element of Jimmy’s father and role in human continuity, specifically to Jimmy, is clearly brought out by the contrast infused by Jimmy’s mother, who was also an acclaimed genetic scientist. With the same career as her husband, Jimmy’s mother would have clearly acquired her pass into the facility and offered protection for the son. However, this would have been on a temporal basis since as the novel progresses in chapter five, Jimmy’s mother deserts her family and escapes from the scientific premises (Atwood, 2003). Jimmy has to spend the rest of his life being grilled by the CorpSeCorps for his mother’s location who also acted to ensure that the corporation’s secrets are well protected from foreign individuals. In chapter eight, Jimmy’s mother resurfaces in a remonstration geared towards the scientific organization that she initially worked for due to the genetic production of coffee. Later in chapter ten, Jimmy discovers of his mother’s demise though an assassination (Atwood, 2003). Had Jimmy been under his mother’s care, his secured future would have ended with his mother’s defection from work and he would have been killed like the rest. Other than his love for science, Jimmy’s father is characterized out as an intelligent man. He is involved with the initial genetic production that is very relevant to the novel as it acts as the breakthrough to the cloning framework used by Crake in his production. Jimmy’s father is involved in the creation of the pigoon, a creature that fuses pigs and baboons. Jimmy’s pet is a rakunk created from the fissure of a raccoon and a skunk. Jimmy is introduced to the world of genetics at an early age and this makes him comfortable with relating bit. No wonder he is able to relate effortlessly to the genetically modified creatures throughout the novel. As Jimmy’s mom flees from the settlement, she leaves with the rakunk and this hurts young Jimmy (Howells 108). The action is a depiction of the strife and differences that have existed between Jimmy’s parents. Jimmy’s father wants him to assume a scientific role by the fact that he nurtures him withi n the scientific facility while his mother prefers a separate field. By taking the rakunk, fleeing the facility and distancing herself from genetics, Jimmy’s mother silently communicates to the son her disapproval for the career. Jimmy’s fascination from the genetic creations he acquired from the father’s projects force him to stick within the premises and meet Crake. As Jimmy’s father and the other team of scientists further their research, they also create wolvogs that are similar to dogs yet possessing a wolf’s veracity. This lays a foundation for Crake’s creation of the Crakers in genetic modification. Jimmy would never have met Crake was it not for the father and Crake would never have had his creations if it were not for the earlier tested creations. Recall that, Crake’s father is killed for the preservation of the corporation’s secrets. The author uses this fact and scenes to discuss the ethical implications of genetics. Genetic research is usually conducted in covert settings and secrets are protected under any means possible. The reader therefore has to decide whether life loss is worth in such careers. Jimmy detests his father for his carefree nature and busy schedule. He has never recalled his birthdays and often had to acquire his son’s forgiveness by getting him gifts a day later. The young bo y has to grow up devoid of his father’s attention and direction (Thomas 74). The reason for his dad’s busy schedule is the genetic modifications under creation. This action has been a constant point of quarrels between the parents as the mother feels that she also lacks the necessary attention from her husband. Jimmy’s father love for science supersedes his family and literary acts as his intrinsic impetus towards living. This proves to be a strongpoint in the unexpected divorce that splits the family. Jimmy’s father is overwhelmed by the situation and his decision acts as a critical point in the novel. Had his love for the wife taunted him to leave the scientific field as she did, Jimmy’s future would have been significantly altered, as he would have little probability of meeting Crake. The Crakers project would also be negatively impacted by the decision. His love for the job offers the consolation needed to see him though the heartbreak. Jimmy’s father meets Ramona working within the same facility and their budding relationship substitutes the missing one. The plot is held intact by this decision and saved from the possible change that would occur had the opposite decision transpired. The other notable characterization of Jimmy’s father is his ravenous appetite for money as discussed in chapter four (Atwood, 2003). The reader is evidenced of this nature as young Jimmy sets out spying ventures on his parents in a bid to uncover the reasons behind their estranged relationship. The revelation comes through one of the intense arguments where Jimmy’s mother indicts the husband of his love for genetics and money. This greed is emphasized in Jimmy’s schooling; although the father desired for Jimmy to be a scientist, he simply lets him attend the Martha Graham Academy for an education humanity courses (Balachand 107). The school is also noted to be inexpensive. With the accrued resources acquired from the affluent career, Jimmy’s father would easily have transferred him to a superior school where he would have pursued a career in the science field. The commercialization theme is brought out in this section as Jimmy’s father opts to acquire financial power at the expense of the son’s dreams. His reluctance stemming from material greed aids in plot and thematic development. With Jimmy studying humanitarian courses, he is able to infuse contrast elements in the book by providing an argument against genetic manipulation. Crane is representative of individuals that accept and practice genetic engineering in life alteration while Jimmy lies in the opposing side. Having rel ated with genetics in the science facility as well as acquiring information from the other side (humanitarian sciences), Jimmy realizes the danger posed by the dystopia that genetic engineering offers to the world. This is demonstrated by his desire to leave the scientific setting just like his mother with the accompaniment of Oryx. However, the timing is late and the world is annihilated because of this. Conclusion It is quite evident from the above discussion that Jimmy’s father may be termed as a minor character, yet one whom the publication cannot do without due to his level of significance in the book. Stemming from his career, everything else mentioned in the book seems to be connected to him. Therefore, his characterization is very essential in content and theme development. : Atwood, Margaret. Oryx and Crake: a novel. New York, NY: Random House Large Print, 2003. Print. Balachand, K. Canadian literature: an overview. New Delhi: Sarup Sons, 2007. Print. Bloom, Harold. Margaret Atwood. Saint-Hubert: Infobase Publishing, 2009. Print. Howells, Coral. The Cambridge companion to Margaret Atwood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Print. Thomas, Paul. Reading, learning, teaching Margaret Atwood. New York, NY: Peter Lang, 2007. Print.

Business Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Business Communication - Essay Example lobal character, and therefore one of the main tendencies since the end of the 20th century is the integration of all companies connected with production and use of chemicals all over the world into a common and unified system of environment care. The concept of chemical safety for the 21st century was created in 1992 during the International UNO Conference in Rio de Janeiro. The issue of the impact that chemicals produce upon the humans and the nature has been researched by the scientists, and the results of their findings are astonishing. Here are just some very basic facts: Among the multiple factors harbouring the health of our people an important place is taken by chemical pollution of some areas of the country. That is why toxicology emerged as the science studying different aspects of the impact of chemicals upon people and nature. Some chemicals, including industrial waste that have been emitted into the environment can generate mutations, and it is sometimes extremely hard to forecast what kind of mutation will the toxication with the chemical evoke; Among the most widespread effects of chemicals upon the organism of people and animals are the damage of immune and nervous systems which can lead to serious problems with health and can even produce effect upon further generations; Ecological problems are inseparably connected not only with the health issues but also with the economy. As Brown has it: â€Å"Living standards are falling in many countries due to environmental degradation†¦. Many people have long understood, at least intuitively, that continuing environmental degradation would eventually exact a heavy economic toll†. (Brown 1993, pg 16) Ecological control of chemicals in the objects of the environment is therefore extremely important. There are certain approaches that allow to dispose industrial waste without harming the nature, and these should be introduced into the everyday practice all over the globe. The prospects of developing this

Curriculum or Instructional Need Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Curriculum or Instructional Need - Essay Example The main think tanks of the curriculum project management are the project managers or the project leaders that comprises the school management. They are the persons, who make the vital decisions that make. In other words the future of the school is in their hands. One of the difficult things for any school management is to stick to the school’s organization structure and culture that’s been maintained for so many years. The best way to handle a project is to divide the whole project into parts and assign them to the most probable candidates in the team. This decision is taken by the project management comprising of project manages or project leaders. In others to achieve the project goals the project managers use Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) method. This method enables managers to plan a project effectively, execute it accordingly and have a good control over the project. Feasibility study is an important phase in the development process of a project. It enables the developer to have an assessment of the product being developed. It refers to the feasibility study of the product in terms of outcomes of the product, operational use and technical support required for implementing it. Background: The important elements of organizational analysis are to precisely define the business, identify the goals and serve as the firm’s resume. Pro forma balance sheet, an income statement, planning precise strategies and cash flow analyses comprises the basic components of a marketing plan. Situation Analysis: In any organization sector marketing plan is considered to be very important and a thoughtful business plan cannot be overemphasizes because much hinges on it: financial support, management of the available resources like operation and finances, credit from suppliers, promotion and marketing and last but not the least company’s goals and achievements. Implementation: A marketing plan helps as a

Public art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Public art - Essay Example According to Baca (89), modernity has it that art is no longer representation of abstract issues, rather, there are deep meanings embedded in them. Symbolism has to be taken into account when making any form of art, and especially public art (Baca, 89). In this art, the meaning is extension of the fight for equality and no segregation. Rosa Park was a real symbol of war against segregation, and by honoring her with a sculpture; the artists were keen on making her efforts resurface. Half a century ago, Rosa Park could stand against any form of inequality, segregation and injustices. She was a humble, courageous and quite a humble woman and in the circles of civil rights movement, she still represents their fight. She is placed right in the middle of a public area, and this means that she will revoke memories of civil rights movements in the past. This public art has a representation with the site. The site is public and therefore the aim intended by the artists is public. The bus station where she is placed can attract all people of different races, colors, social status and ethnicity. She is placed in such a place to show that what she fought for was for the benefits of all and not just one race, one generation or one social class. The more than $60,000 bronze statue represents not only issues of the past, but realities of the

Psychology of Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Psychology of Diversity - Essay Example It focused on a small, closely-knit South Asian community in Muncie, Indiana. The people in this town are mostly Asians who are part of the diaspora. She recalls that when she left Muncie in 1981 to go to college, her mother gave her some advice – to remember her Indian heritage. At first, she was really puzzled, for how could she know her heritage when she grew up in Muncie? She has lived in a country which regard non-white and non-European as â€Å"outsider† and â€Å"other†. Up to now this setting is still experienced by Asians and Latinos in America. But she says that she’s just a young adult woman of Indian ancestry living in a small American city, trying to understand what her heritage was. She focuses her paper to that time of history up to today when American has not yet awaken to the realization that she survived with diaspora and immigration. Gupta-Carlson said that when Henry Ford pioneered the assembly line and built the automotive plants that would power America’s consumer economy to fame, he had no other recourse but to bring in the immigrant workers and had them work. He then relied heavily on immigrant labor, but he tried to forcibly Americanize his workers. This occurred during the 1920s and 1930s. He enforced the restrictive laws on immigration that made a backlash against Chinese, Japanese, Indian, and other Asian settlers in agricultural and logging communities. Ford wanted to erase the â€Å"foreign-ness† in his workers. The worst discrimination happened then. There are many other incidents and inhuman conditions mentioned in the paper of Gupta-Carlson, and the experiences proved not very uncommon. Today, more than ever, we still see and witness these occurrences – immigration laws against immigrants, working conditions still inhuman and really oppressive measures enforced not only on Asian male but also on women. Not only are these inhuman conditions present in the working place but also

Management of the End-Stage Kidney Disease Essay - 21

Management of the End-Stage Kidney Disease - Essay Example This article shall address the proper management of a patient suffering from ESKD, focusing from the time of admission to discharge (Dalrymple et al. 2011). Nursing need assessment tool is one of the tools that shall be employed to develop the patient profile and assist in the plan for her management. This tool is very essential in addressing the needs of an older patient who require long-term care due to a chronic condition. The tool addresses the patient holistically and embraces professional decision-making. In addition, the tool makes the assessment in a staged approach by deviating from the conventional narrative approach to a focused assessment approach. Another tool that shall be employed is the nursing care plan, which shall help in addressing the patient problem and plan the management accordingly. The key health problems for CherylWarra Allen are the renal failure, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. These health problems are prioritised in that order because of their impact on the health status of the patient. Kidney failure has got a fatal result if not urgently managed this is because it leads to accumulation of several toxic wastes as well as fluid in the body. Accumulation of nitrogenous waste and urea in the blood leads to uraemia, which is a fatal cause of confusion and coma in patients with kidney failure. In addition, the state of the patient confusion makes it difficult to treat the patient since the patient shall not cooperate during the treatment process. The patient may remove the gas mask or other intravenous medication that she is being given. Renal failure leads to accumulation of fluid in the body, which is as a result of inadequate excretion of fluid by the kidney. Accumulation of fluid in the body leads to adverse effect such as difficulty in breathing. When fluid accumulates on around the lungs and adnexa tissues, the lungs and the diaphragm may get compressed leading to shallow breathing and ultimately lead to exertion. Excess accumulation within the pleural cavity leads to excess difficulty in breathing and the patient shall require a gas mask or other assisted breathers otherwise the patient can die within a short time due to shortness of breath.  Ã‚  

Psychology of Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Psychology of Diversity - Essay Example It focused on a small, closely-knit South Asian community in Muncie, Indiana. The people in this town are mostly Asians who are part of the diaspora. She recalls that when she left Muncie in 1981 to go to college, her mother gave her some advice – to remember her Indian heritage. At first, she was really puzzled, for how could she know her heritage when she grew up in Muncie? She has lived in a country which regard non-white and non-European as â€Å"outsider† and â€Å"other†. Up to now this setting is still experienced by Asians and Latinos in America. But she says that she’s just a young adult woman of Indian ancestry living in a small American city, trying to understand what her heritage was. She focuses her paper to that time of history up to today when American has not yet awaken to the realization that she survived with diaspora and immigration. Gupta-Carlson said that when Henry Ford pioneered the assembly line and built the automotive plants that would power America’s consumer economy to fame, he had no other recourse but to bring in the immigrant workers and had them work. He then relied heavily on immigrant labor, but he tried to forcibly Americanize his workers. This occurred during the 1920s and 1930s. He enforced the restrictive laws on immigration that made a backlash against Chinese, Japanese, Indian, and other Asian settlers in agricultural and logging communities. Ford wanted to erase the â€Å"foreign-ness† in his workers. The worst discrimination happened then. There are many other incidents and inhuman conditions mentioned in the paper of Gupta-Carlson, and the experiences proved not very uncommon. Today, more than ever, we still see and witness these occurrences – immigration laws against immigrants, working conditions still inhuman and really oppressive measures enforced not only on Asian male but also on women. Not only are these inhuman conditions present in the working place but also

Qantas Financial Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Qantas Financial Analysis - Case Study Example An analysis of Qantas' financial position and business risk has been done with different profitability, liquidity and gearing ratios. Belkaoui (1998, p11) illuminates that "the profitability ratios portray ability of the firm to efficiently use the capital committed by stockholders and lenders to generate revenues in excess of expenses". The following profitability ratios provide an insight into the profit generating capacity and performance of the company over the last two financial years: The rate of return on total assets ratio expounds the ability of a firm in utilizing its various assets towards profit generation. Qantas' rate of return on total assets ratio has declined by about 25% in the year 2006 as compared to 2005. It suggests that the company's profitability has tumbled down significantly over the last two financial years. The net profit ratio evaluates a company's profitability position after considering all the operating costs and interest expense etc (Mcmenamin Jim, 1999). The net profit margin of Qantas again indicates a serious decline in the company's ability to generate profit out of its sales revenue. This ratio has also decreased by about 25% in the year 2006. The worth noting point is that the company's sales revenue, as suggested by its financial statements for the year 2006, has increased by about 8% in 2006. ... The company's short term financial position and business risks can be analyzed with the help of the following liquidity ratios: Liquidity Ratios 2005 2006 Current Ratio 0.74 0.93 Quick Ratio (Acid Test) 0.67 0.87 Average Receivables Collection Period 25.69 25.24 The current ratio measures a company's ability to liquidate its short-term liabilities out of its various current assets (Meigs & Meigs, 1993). The above table shows that Qantas' current ratio has increased by about 20% in the year 2006 as compared to 2005. It suggests and improvement in the company's ability to pay of its short term liabilities. The quick ratio examines the short-term solvency of a company after deducting its stock from the current assets (Mcmenamin Jim, 1999). The quick ratio for Qantas for the year 2006 further shows an increasing trend. This ratio has risen by about 23% in the year 2006 as compared to 2005. It illuminates that the company has acquired more capacity to pay off its short term debt after keeping aside its stock from the current assets. However, the company bears significant short term solvency risks, because it still possesses about $0.93 worth of current assets and $0.87 worth of quick current assets to pay of its $1 worth of current liabilities. T he average receivables collection ratio suggests that it takes the company about 25 days to collect cash from its debtors. This ratio shows a sign of stability in the company's collection policies. Qantas' long term financial position and business risk have been analyzed with the help of the following gearing ratios which illustrate the company's capital structure and its ability to meet its interest

Academic Qualification Ensures Success in Life Essay Example for Free

Academic Qualification Ensures Success in Life Essay The definition of success differs from person to person and field to field. One could take economic success as a touchstone to label a person successful in life, ignoring his of her other failures, like divorce, health, inefficiency, etc. Others may look at a capacity for overcoming challenges, irrespective of what someone earns and the nature of their private life. So who is a successful person and who is a failure? Do school and college grades and examination results provide a way of predicting or ensuring future success? If that is true, then we should encourage as many young people as possible to go to university and work hard to gain formal qualifications. But is it true? Aren’t some college drop-outs like Bill Gates and Richard Branson hugely successful icons of success? And should we automatically consider the millions of young people who have not had the opportunity to gain academic certificates to be failures in life? Success never depends upon grades. If success and opportunities were measured by grades then the corporate world and potential marriage partners would not ask for biodata in resumes, where other qualifications are also mentioned. Nor would they interview the prospects in order to find out what they are like as people, rather they would give a blind appointment to the people with the best paper qualifications. So qualifications alone are never enough, success depends upon physical characteristics, personality, and a willingness to work hard. Success is not getting a grade or a degree, if that was it then why arent all the graduates from Harvard, Oxford or Cambridge uniformly successful? The rule of success is hard work and destiny of course. If a student of engineering gets good grades but he is not practically effective in relationship-buildings and solving crises or proper planning, even though he may be successful in getting a job but it will not lead him far. On the way he is sure to fade out. If you look into a directory of successful people who are doctors, engineers and IT professionals, then you will notice that many of them dream to be employed by people like Bill Gates or Richard Branson, who are prosperous despite not having college degrees. In other words, prosperity does not depend upon academic qualifications but upon opportunities provided by entrepreneurs who may not be necessarily be highly educated. Successful entrepreneurs even benefit from not having academic qualifications, because going to college and taking examinations forces people to learn and think like millions of other graduates. This actually makes it less likely that they will come up with the truly mould-breaking insights and â€Å"disruptive† ideas on which successful innovations and new business models are built. Unfortunately the materialistic world has changed the concept of success. It has become a rat-race where every student chases grades and therefore the entire perception of success and prosperity has changed. Rather than studying to reach our full potential, we do it because we think it is necessary for a successful career. So we spend ten years in school and a few more years of our precious life in college to get educated, then more time is passed in hunting for jobs. Even after that we may find ourselves in the wrong profession and lacking job satisfaction. And then recession comes along, when we are told that our wealth has been blown away by the foolishness of expensive fat-salaried CEOs. Now comes a time when we go to work with a constant fear of losing the job we don’t enjoy. Is this the correct understanding of prosperity? So now the definition of success is changed. If you are able to save your job then you are successful! Can academic qualification stop us from becoming a civilization of drunkards, rapists and war-mongers, marked by broken families, domestic violence and crime? If you look at countries where the largest number of people have higher academic qualifications, they are the ones most affected by social breakdown. And would you call the conduct of the US wars on Iraq and Afghanistan a successful example of the superiority of the US economy and society? In fact true success is shown in having the moral courage to speak out against atrocities and injustice, showing generosity towards the poor, and respecting our parents. These are characteristics which are found in people from all social and educational backgrounds, but often absent in many educated Americans and Europeans, in spite of the universities they have been to and the grades they have achieved. Often academic qualifications have no real relevance to the jobs graduates are employed to do. A few decades ago employers in areas such as banking, engineering, management and government service recruited people straight from school at the age of 15 or 16, training them on the job and promoting them to higher levels of responsibility according to their ability. Today none of these jobs has changed very much, but all now require applicants have a university degree. Why has this changed? One reason is that the upper and middle classes are trying to protect their own jobs – demanding new recruits have expensive academic qualifications excludes many talented young people from poorer backgrounds.

Sustainable Development And Its Definitions

Sustainable Development And Its Definitions Sustainable development was defined by (Brundtland, 1987) as a development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own need. Economists generally accepted and supported Brundtland definition of sustainable development. Pearce barbier (blueprint for Sustainable Economy, 2000) also defines sustainable development as development that last. They also said that future generations should be entitled to at least the same level of economic well-being as is currently available to the present generation. It can also be defined as meeting human fundamental needs while preserving the life-support systems of the planet Earth. This is a scientific perspective on the sustainable development relation between nature and society. The main pillars of sustainable development are: Economic development Social development and Environmental development The United Nations 2005 World Summit Outcome Document refers the above pillars as the interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars of sustainable development. There has been an indigenous controversy over the main pillars of sustainable development through various International Forums such as United Nation Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues and the Conversion of Biological Diversity that there are four pillars of sustainable development which they called the fourth one , Cultural development. Also, The Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (UNESCO, 2001) further detailed the concept by saying that the cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature. This basically becomes one of the roots of development understood not simply in terms of economic growth, but also as a means to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual existence. The universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity stated that Cultural diversity is the fourth policy area of sustainable development. This image represents the schemes of sustainable development. Source (Wikipedia encyclopedia on Sustainable Development). Barriers to achieving sustainable development in developing countries. Sustainable development has been widely promoted as a holisticconcept which aims or targets to integrate social, economicand cultural policies to ensure high-quality growth. However, there are barriers combating the implementation of sustainable development in developing countries. These barriers are: Economic / financial barriers Social barriers Political barriers HIV and Injecting Drug use Poor monitoring and evaluation system Institutional barriers Cultural barriers Trade barriers Poverty and disease Climate change Economic and financial barriers: Economists observed that the dominating development model tends to focus on economic growth as precedence rather than peoples rights or welfare, and environmental processes and limits. Various contributors supported economic growth coming first in developing countries, especially least-developed countries (LDCs), and concluded that investment in environmental protection should be left to a later stage of development, essentially accepting environmental degradation to meet immediate needs. In other words, there was a controversy by other researchers saying that the future generations ability to enjoy an acceptable standard of living would be on shambles if due attention were not immediately paid to social and environmental aspects as well as economic. This they said requires shift in the worldview from treating the environment as part of the economy to treating the economy as part of the environment; strategically this means the economy should be adapted to ensure environmental services are maintained. Some contributors recommended developed capitalist societies to act quickly to become more sustainable. Other researchers underscored the imperative for developing countries not to follow the western models of unsustainable development. Three basic constraints to financing sustainable development (SD) are: Competing priorities for limited resources, particularly in LDCs Undelivered pledges made at the international conferences to finance SD. Externalities, such as increased oil prices, conflict, and natural disasters that alter the development priorities of many countries. Initiatives to overcome economic and financial barriers In other to achieve economic growth without threatening social development and environmental resources, new and different vehicles for growth must be oriented to different country situations. Governments should be responsible for market-led problems with incentive for the private sector to become problem-solvers, and not polluters. There is need to shift the incentive and motivating structure for farmers around the world. Policies makers should promote agricultural production that is based on significantly higher labor inputs per area and significantly more diverse production streams. There is need to reform the calculation of economic growth and removal of weapons-related cost from GDP would provide a strong indication of relative spending toward sustainable development to politicians. Justifying the need to abandon linear system of industrial production based on total exploitation of natural resources, over production, and waste generation in favor of a circular system of production using clean technologies and the elimination of waste resources. Social barriers Population growth, paired with unsustainable consumption and production patterns among the wealthy, are the biggest social challenges to achieving sustainable development in the world and developing countries. Absent of a significant change in human behavior, sustainability will not be potential. There are other social barriers which are: The marginalization of the poor and entrenched inequities Limited awareness about sustainable development Environmental issues among both politicians and the wider public fragmented civil society Inadequate interaction between civil society and government Insufficient incentives to for the private sector to pursue sustainable development Initiatives to overcome the social barriers. Need for stronger policies to address income disparity and population growth. The introduction of programmes to create awareness and build capacity in the field of sustainable development among the general public can assist to the change in behavior and lifestyle that is needed to achieve sustainability. Efforts to increase scientific capacity will take place within a context of different funding patterns (which involves philanthropic foundations, business, and governmental and intergovernmental bodies), environmental concerns, and research orientations. Governments must foster their relationships with NGOs and other civil society organizations. Also , civil society must take on a great role in policy making and implementation. Participation of civil society in social programmes and related decision making process would ensure accountability; this will help in creating condition for receiving financial aid or UN assistance. Concrete partnership among national and local governments, the grassroots, private sector, civil society and development actors should be developed. Political barriers: Inadequate economic, social and environmental methods for policies, plans and projects are the major barrier combating the implementation of sustainable development in developing world. Researchers believed that governments are stuck in the old development paradigm ,emphasizing economic growth and believing that industrial countries have made no significant effort to change their patterns in production and consumption, thereby threatening global resources. To meet sustainable development objectives requires genuine political and institutional will at all levels of government in all countries, developed and developing. Nevertheless, Corruption, ineffective government and weak inactive law enforcement are hindrances to achieving genuine sustainability. Moreover, lack of information and relevant data availability, limited capacity of policy and decision-makers were identified as reasons for the limited cooperation of governments. The outcome of the discussion by the World Summit on Sustainable Development that was held in South Africa in 2002 was that sustainable development has not been able to evolve out of its environmental roots and that greater focus on climate change may be pulling the issue towards a purer environmental direction rather than integrating sustainable development perspective. They also warned that SD is being replaced by climate change on the political agenda, leaving the rest of the sustainable development agenda forgotten. Lack of coordination to integrate the three pillars of sustainable development has been a major challenge at all levels. At the global level, the United Nations failed to join together its efforts to promote a genuinely sustainable development. Campaigns for integrating many factors are themselves not harmonized, but try to meet different purposes at different times. It was noted that the sectionalized approach to the MDGs has dissolved the broader context of development, and MDG 7 on sustainable development has been largely neglected in favor of other goals rather than being a basis for achieving the rest of the MDGs. More consistent policies to support SD are needed at the international level, including within the United Nations system. At the regional level, regional agreements on SD and mechanisms for their implementation are not stable. There was an agreement that, at national level, a multi-disciplinary approach to governance is needed rather than the persisting tendency for different line ministries, departments and agencies to act without a clear framework for coordination across sectors. Sectorial systems of governance create and perpetuate silo thinking and behavior. It was observed that there is basically no effective national forum for strategic planning on pro-poor economic growth, social development, environment and climate change for developing countries. For instance, inCentral Asia, it was noted that few countries have policies linking environment, poverty, trade and social development, that few environmental policies target equity or poverty issues, and health policies are still mainly formulated in isolation without blending to related sectors. Also at the institutional level, responsibility for the implementation of sustainable development is generally assigned to the Ministry of Environment, Environmental Protection Agency or the tantamount, which traditionally receive little attention and a insufficient budget. Environmental agency would find it difficult to take a balanced approach to economic growth, social development and environmental protection. Poor community involvement was noted as a final major political barrier to achieving sustainable development goals. A top-down approach by centralized authorities often imposes projects and programmes on local governments. Moreover, policy making and implementation does not take into consideration the grassroots need or involve the lower levels of government. Initiatives to overcome political barrier In combating political barrier, sustainable development strategies must be streamlined, but also applied with more severity. The need for environmental institutions to blend and work with other (non-environmental) institutions. Also all ministries must cooperate and work together to achieve an integrated sustainable development for their countries. Stringent efforts should be directed to encroach structural problems that deform both developmental and environmental prospects by focusing on key injustices, notably in trade, environment and climate change. There should be an analytical work on advanced financing for SD. Poverty and environment linkages must be undertaken to further incorporate economic, social and environmental factors. Basic components like sensitization of political leaders, private sector involvement, and participation of local communities need to be concrete in developmental approach. Capacity-building is also necessary across the board. Progress in sustainable developmental goals involves strong, innovation-driven science and technology policies. HIV and Injecting Drug Use Poverty and disease in relation to HIV and Drug Use frustrates the implementation of sustainable development in many developing countries. In many developing countries, HIV epidemics between injecting drug users (IDUs) are preceding larger epidemics in the broader population. Notwithstanding recent expansion of responses, within individual countries, these tend to be several years behind the pace and scale of the actual epidemic. These are factors closely linked to development. The current policy environment makes it difficult for community-based programmes to prevent HIV between injecting drug users. Deficiency in policy dialogue between sectors of government responsibility for reactions to HIV and drug use There is an economic, social and political breakdown which leads to increase in drug injecting, needle sharing and, consequently HIV. Inadequate community capacity, in terms of skills, resources and experience to respond to HIV among IDUs. Injecting drug users, especially women, being demonized for their drug use, rather than supported, placing them at particular risk of both human rights abuses and HIV infection Donor agencies and countries alike failing to recognize the long-term threat to development posed by HIV and injecting drug use. Initiatives to overcome HIV and Injecting Drug Use UNDP and partner agencies, especially UNAIDS and UNDCP, are in a unique and appropriate position to take the lead in the planning and implementation of responses in the following areas: Policy dialogue and reform Programme development and monitoring Creating awareness and understanding of the development implications of HIV and IDU Powering community capacity to respond Addressing gender considerations Responding to legal , ethical and human right issues Also there is need to implement the MDGs in all developing countries especially on reducing poverty and ensuring good health. Poor monitoring and evaluation systems A basic problem is lack of specific targets (globally, nationally and at local level), measurement and data to track progress, resulting in a lack of information available to decision-makers. It is suggested for strengthening monitoring and evaluation of sustainable development strategies in order to establish a dynamic improvement process, with an objective of increasing their effectiveness. It is recommended that governments should turn up deeper and assess the socio-economicimpacts of developmental projects, rather thanthe outcomealone. Initiatives to overcome poor monitoring and evaluation systems Co-ordination of data within which the vast amount of data can be easily accessed. Countries specific knowledge bases are needed to guide decision making. This is a comprehensive mechanism for monitoring the outcomes of interventions that feeds into subsequent planning processes. National research and development systems need to be strengthened, as well as south-south and south-north knowledge sharing and management. Institutional barriers Institutional barriers as a result of lack of institutional experience to operate all the mechanism of democratic system has been combating and frustrating sustainable development in many developing countries. Since the end of the civil war, developing countries have made a striking movement towards democratic capitalism as the operative model of governance. Moreover in making that transition, many countries discovered that they lack institutional experience to operate all the mechanism of democratic system. They discovered that they have never witness free and fair elections with a full ballot of candidates from multiple parties. In other hand, they were not prepared to run a parliament, also not prepared to have journalists and broadcasters looking at the problems of government in a very public way. Initiatives to overcome institutional barrier Generating enough scientific capacity and institutional support in developing countries is particularly urgent as they are most vulnerable to the multiple stresses arising from rapid, simultaneous changes in social and environmental system. USAID and other governmental donors have facilitated institutional building to help these countries to help these countries fix all the mechanism operating in an open democratic society. Sponsoring democratic programs, introducing new approaches to crisis management and conflicts analysis to assist opposing parties in resolving their peacefully and within the framework that a democratic system provides. Trade barriers Basically developing countries find the EUs strict food safety requirements disruptive to trade. In addition to sanitary standards, new technical product specifications and industrial norms might obstruct the exports of developing countries .The EU introduced a series of directives varying from technical specifications for cars, weighing machines and toys, to the compulsory labeling of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), eggs and voluntary eco-labels. In addition to Community standards, there are regulations at the member-state level. However the level to which this continual flow of new standards helps to restrict imports from developing countries is not properly known. It is clear, however, that WTO notification leads to protests by developing countries .Some of the developing countries expressed their concern, regarding new EU directives on discarded electronic apparatuses proposed by the Commission in 2000 Initiatives to overcome trade barriers Trade liberalization including the removal of existing distortion in international trade must be pursued to support sustainable development policies in developing countries. Sustainable development requires a dynamic international economy and an open, equitable, secure, non-discriminatory and predictable multilateral trading system to support sound domestic economic and environmental policies in both developed and developing countries. Trade and environment should be reciprocally supportive in the pursuit of sustainable development. Conclusion In achieving sustainable development, the 3pillars of SD should be integrated. Progress in sustainability will require fostering problem -driven , interdisciplinary research; building capacity for research; creating coherent system of research planning , operational monitoring , assessment , and application; and providing reliable long term financial support. The need to generate adequate scientific capacity and institutional support in developing countries is particularly urgent as they are most vulnerable to multiple stresses that arise from rapid, simultaneous changes in social and environmental systems. REFERENCES Achieving Sustainable Development, an e-journal of the U.S Department of State.April 2002, volume 1, Num 1. Barbier, E.,1987.The Concept of Sustainable Economic Development.Environmental Conservation, 14(2):101-110 Promoting trade for sustainable development by UNCTAD Secretariat (www.unctad.org/en/docs/tdxibp10_en.pdf) Pearce, D., A. Markandya and E. Barbier,1989.Blueprint for a green economy,Earthscan, London, Great Britain UNDP, 2006. Making Progress on environmental sustainability. Lessons and recommendations from a review of over 150 MDG country experiences (www.undp.org/fssd/report) Summary of e -discussion on achieving sustainable development, April 2008. (http://www.undg.org/docs/8885/eDiscussion-on-Achieving-Sustainable-Development.htm) Sustainability science , science 292.5517 (April 27 ,2001):p 641. Working together towards SD (http://www.oecdwash.org/DATA/DOCS/working_together.pdf) World Summit Outcome Document 2005,World Health Organization, 15 September 2005